scholarly journals Comparison of Brain Activity Correlating with Self-Report versus Narrative Attachment Measures during Conscious Appraisal of an Attachment Figure

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zimri S. Yaseen ◽  
Xian Zhang ◽  
J. Christopher Muran ◽  
Arnold Winston ◽  
Igor I. Galynker
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Attachment Figure

scholarly journals Mind-wandering Is Accompanied by Both Local Sleep and Enhanced Processes of Spatial Attention Allocation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Wienke ◽  
Mandy V Bartsch ◽  
Lena Vogelgesang ◽  
Christoph Reichert ◽  
Hermann Hinrichs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Search Task ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cortical Processing ◽  
High Frequency Activity ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Local Sleep

Abstract Mind-wandering (MW) is a subjective, cognitive phenomenon, in which thoughts move away from the task toward an internal train of thoughts, possibly during phases of neuronal sleep-like activity (local sleep, LS). MW decreases cortical processing of external stimuli and is assumed to decouple attention from the external world. Here, we directly tested how indicators of LS, cortical processing, and attentional selection change in a pop-out visual search task during phases of MW. Participants’ brain activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography, MW was assessed via self-report using randomly interspersed probes. As expected, the performance decreased under MW. Consistent with the occurrence of LS, MW was accompanied by a decrease in high-frequency activity (HFA, 80–150 Hz) and an increase in slow wave activity (SWA, 1–6 Hz). In contrast, visual attentional selection as indexed by the N2pc component was enhanced during MW with the N2pc amplitude being directly linked to participants’ performance. This observation clearly contradicts accounts of attentional decoupling that would predict a decrease in attention-related responses to external stimuli during MW. Together, our results suggest that MW occurs during phases of LS with processes of attentional target selection being upregulated, potentially to compensate for the mental distraction during MW.

scholarly journals Brain Activity in Self- and Value-Related Regions in Response to Online Antismoking Messages Predicts Behavior Change

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Cooper ◽  
Steve Tompson ◽  
Matthew Brook O’Donnell ◽  
B. Falk Emily
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Health Behavior Change ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract. In this study, we combined approaches from media psychology and neuroscience to ask whether brain activity in response to online antismoking messages can predict smoking behavior change. In particular, we examined activity in subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex linked to self- and value-related processing, to test whether these neurocognitive processes play a role in message-consistent behavior change. We observed significant relationships between activity in both brain regions of interest and behavior change (such that higher activity predicted a larger reduction in smoking). Furthermore, activity in these brain regions predicted variance independent of traditional, theory-driven self-report metrics such as intention, self-efficacy, and risk perceptions. We propose that valuation is an additional cognitive process that should be investigated further as we search for a mechanistic explanation of the relationship between brain activity and media effects relevant to health behavior change.

scholarly journals Breathlessness in COPD: linking symptom clusters with brain activity

2021 ◽  
pp. 2004099
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Finnegan ◽  
Olivia K. Harrison ◽  
Catherine J. Harmer ◽  
Mari Herigstad ◽  
Najib M. Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Unsupervised Machine Learning ◽  
Learning Techniques

RationaleCurrent models of breathlessness often fail to explain disparities between patients' experiences of breathlessness and objective measures of lung function. While a mechanistic understanding of this discordance has thus far remained elusive, factors such as mood, attention and expectation have all been implicated as important modulators of breathlessness. Therefore, we have developed a model to better understand the relationships between these factors using unsupervised machine learning techniques. Subsequently we examined how expectation-related brain activity differed between these symptom-defined clusters of participants.MethodsA cohort of 91 participants with mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent functional brain imaging, self-report questionnaires and clinical measures of respiratory function. Unsupervised machine learning techniques of exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical cluster modelling were used to model brain-behaviour-breathlessness links.ResultsWe successfully stratified participants across four key factors corresponding to mood, symptom burden and two capability measures. Two key groups resulted from this stratification, corresponding to high and low symptom burden. Compared to the high symptom load group, the low symptom burden group demonstrated significantly greater brain activity within the anterior insula, a key region thought to be involved in monitoring internal bodily sensations (interoception).ConclusionsThis is the largest functional neuroimaging study of COPD to date and is the first to provide a clear model linking brain, behaviour and breathlessness expectation. Furthermore, it was possible to stratify participants into groups, which then revealed differences in brain activity patterns. Together, these findings highlight the value of multi-modal models of breathlessness in identifying behavioural phenotypes, and for advancing understanding of differences in breathlessness burden.

scholarly journals Experimental Model for Studying the Prefrontal EEG Biomarkers in Correlation with Food Intake Behavior: Neurofeedback Platform

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Isam Al-Hiyali ◽  
Asnor Juraiza Ishak ◽  
Hafiz Harun ◽  
Siti Anom Ahmad ◽  
Wan Aliaa Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Significant Decrement ◽  
Positive Treatment ◽  
Eeg Neurofeedback ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Background: This study aims to investigate the effects of visual neurofeedback stimulation on the brain activity in overweight cases. The neuroscience studies indicated the personal decision about eating under the impact of environmental factors such as (visually, smelling, tasting) is related to neural activity of the prefrontal lobe of the brain. Therefore, there were many attempts to modify the food intake behavior in overweight cases through the stimulation of the prefrontal cortex. However, the empirical viewing of EEG-neurofeedback experiments has not explicated the details about the effect of the EEG-NF, the specificity of positive treatment effects remains in a challenging scope.Methods: This study is a cue-exposure EEG-NF experiment to verify the hypothesis of effecting the EEG-NF on the electrical activity of PFC and modifying the general symptoms of food intake behavior in overweight cases. Twenty-four individuals were recruited as participants for this study. These participants were assigned randomly into two groups; the EX-Group (N=12) enrolled in 8 sessions of the EEG-NF experiment, and the C-Group (N=12) was listed in no EEG-NF sessions. The participants provided researchers with a self-report questionnaire relating to their observation of general symptoms of food intake behavior, and EEG signals recordings into the pre and posts stimulation phase. The power spectral density (PSD) method was applied for EEG parameters extraction.Results: The results of a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) explained that a significant variation in variables between the two groups after the EEG-NF experiment. The analysis of the quantitative variables indicated that the effect of EEG-NF experiment was a significant decrement in EEG power bands which significantly influenced changing the median of self-report questionnaire responses that is related to general symptoms of food intake behavior.Conclusions: This study provides preliminary support for the therapeutic potential of EEG-NF experiment that targets the prefrontal cortex, to influence neural processes underlying food intake behavior in overweight cases.

scholarly journals Attachment (in)security and threat priming influence signal detection performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 889-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezgi Sakman ◽  
Nebi Sümer
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Attachment Anxiety ◽  
Self Report ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Attachment Avoidance ◽  
Attachment Figure ◽  
Attachment Orientations ◽  
Attentional Performance

This study examined whether the subliminal priming of threat and attachment figure availability interfere with cognitive attentional performance in conditions of uncertainty among individuals with differing attachment orientations. University students ( N = 225) first completed a scale to identify names of their significant attachment figures (WHOTO) and self-report measures of attachment anxiety and avoidance and were then administered a computerized signal detection task assessing their cognitive attentional performance under conditions of threat and attachment figure availability priming. Findings revealed that both attachment anxiety and avoidance posed risk factors for cognitive performance but in different patterns. While attachment avoidance made individuals more prone to errors in missing a signal that was present, attachment anxiety increased the error rate for false alarms. These findings are discussed in relation to previous work in the field and their implications for potential cultural differences.

scholarly journals Health news sharing is reflected in distributed reward-related brain activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1111-1119
Author(s):  
B P Doré ◽  
C Scholz ◽  
E C Baek ◽  
E B Falk
Keyword(s):  
Health Information ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Health News ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
Reward Valuation

Abstract Neuroimaging has identified individual brain regions, but not yet whole-brain patterns, that correlate with the population impact of health messaging. We used neuroimaging to measure whole-brain responses to health news articles across two studies. Beyond activity in core reward value-related regions (ventral striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex), our approach leveraged whole-brain responses to each article, quantifying expression of a distributed pattern meta-analytically associated with reward valuation. The results indicated that expression of this whole-brain pattern was associated with population-level sharing of these articles beyond previously identified brain regions and self-report variables. Further, the efficacy of the meta-analytic pattern was not reducible to patterns within core reward value-related regions but rather depended on larger-scale patterns. Overall, this work shows that a reward-related pattern of whole-brain activity is related to health information sharing, advancing neuroscience models of the mechanisms underlying the spread of health information through a population.

scholarly journals Investigating the Interpersonal Dynamics Between Coaches and Athletes Based on Fundamental Principles of Attachment

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Davis ◽  
Sophia Jowett
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Secure Base ◽  
Interpersonal Dynamics ◽  
Attachment Figure ◽  
As Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Associated Data

Grounded in Bowlby’s (1969/1982, 1988) attachment theory, this study aimed to explore (a) the pervasiveness of the three main functions of attachment within the context of the coach-athlete relationship, (b) the associations of athletes’ attachment styles with such important variables as satisfaction with the relationship and satisfaction with the sport, and (c) the process by which athletes’ attachment styles and satisfaction with sport are associated. Data were collected through self-report measures of attachment functions and styles as well as relationship satisfaction and sport satisfaction from 309 student athletes (males = 150, females = 159) whose age ranged from 18 to 28 years (Mage = 19.9, SD = 1.58 years). Athletes’ mean scores indicated that the coach was viewed as an attachment figure fulfilling all three functions of secure base, safe haven, and proximity maintenance. Bivariate correlations indicated that athletes’ avoidant and anxious styles of attachment with the coach were negatively correlated with both relationship satisfaction and sport satisfaction. Mediational regression analysis revealed that athletes’ satisfaction with the coach-athlete relationship may be a process that links athletes’ attachment styles with levels of satisfaction with sport. The findings from this study highlight the potential theoretical and practical utility of attachment theory in studying relationships within the sport context.

scholarly journals Another’s pain in my brain: No evidence that placebo analgesia affects the sensory-discriminative component in empathy for pain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Hartmann ◽  
Markus Rütgen ◽  
Federica Riva ◽  
Claus Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Self Report ◽  
List Type ◽  
Placebo Analgesia ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Empathy For Pain ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe shared representations account of empathy suggests that sharing other people’s emotions relies on neural processes similar to those engaged when directly experiencing such emotions. Recent research corroborated this by showing that placebo analgesia resulted in reduced pain empathy and decreased activation in shared neural networks. However, those studies did not report any placebo-related variation of somatosensory engagement during pain empathy. The experimental paradigms used in these studies did not direct attention towards a specific body part in pain, which may explain the absence of effects for somatosensation. The main objective of this preregistered study was to implement a paradigm overcoming this limitation, and to investigate whether placebo analgesia may also modulate the sensory-discriminative component of empathy for pain. We induced a localized, first-hand placebo analgesia effect in the right hand of 45 participants by means of a placebo gel and conditioning techniques, and compared this to the left hand as a control condition. Participants underwent a pain task in the MRI scanner, receiving painful or non-painful electrical stimulation on their left or right hand, or witnessing another person receiving such stimulation. In contrast to a robust localized placebo analgesia effect for self-experienced pain, the empathy condition showed no differences between the two hands, neither for behavioral nor neural responses. We thus report no evidence for somatosensory sharing in empathy, while replicating previous studies showing overlapping brain activity in the affective-motivational component for first-hand and empathy for pain. Hence, in a more rigorous test aiming to overcome limitations of previous work, we again find no causal evidence for the engagement of somatosensory sharing in empathy. Our study refines the understanding of the neural underpinnings of empathy for pain, and the use of placebo analgesia in investigating such models.HighlightsInvestigated placebo modulation of somatosensory and affective components of painLocalized placebo analgesia effects for self-report and fMRI of first-hand painNo evidence for such effects in empathy for painSuggests that somatosensory sharing does not play a critical role in pain empathy

scholarly journals Inter-brain synchrony in teams predicts collective performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego A. Reinero ◽  
Suzanne Dikker ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Collective Behavior ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Collective Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Average Individual

Despite decades of research in economics and psychology attempting to identify ingredients that make up successful teams, neuroscientists have only just begun to study how multiple brains interact. Recent research has shown that people’s brain activity becomes synchronized with others’ (inter-brain synchrony) during social engagement. However, little is known as to whether inter-brain synchrony relates to collective behavior within teams. Here, we merge the nascent field of group neuroscience with the extant literature of team dynamics and collective performance. We recruited 174 participants in groups of 4 and randomly assigned them to complete a series of problem-solving tasks either independently or as a team, while simultaneously recording each person’s brain activity using an EEG hyperscanning setup. This design allowed us to examine the relationship between group identification and inter-brain synchrony in explaining collective performance. As expected, teammates identified more strongly with one another, cooperated more on an economic game, and outperformed the average individual on most problem-solving tasks. Crucially, inter-brain synchrony, but not self-reported group identification, predicted collective performance among teams. These results suggest that inter-brain synchrony can be informative in understanding collective performance among teams where self-report measures may fail to capture behavior.

scholarly journals The perception of the leader as an attachment figure: can it mediate the relationship between work engagement and general/citizenship performance?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Lisá ◽  
Katarína Greškovičová ◽  
Katarina Krizova
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Work Engagement ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Organizational Goals ◽  
Attachment Figure ◽  
Separation Distress ◽  
Citizenship Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Organizational Compliance

AbstractThe study aimed to explore the perception of the leader as a security provider as a potential mediator of the relationship between work engagement and perceived general and citizenship work performance. Five hundred and forty-two adults completed the Leader as a security provider scale, Utrecht work engagement scale, General work performance questionnaire, and Citizenship organizational behavior questionnaire to self-report on their organizational behaviors. The perception of the leader as a secure attachment figure partially mediated loyalty and adherence to the organization's rules in engaged employees. Perceived separation distress can increase interpersonal citizenship performance; however, it can decrease organizational compliance in engaged employees. Fear of losing the leader can potentially harm the organizational goals by favoring the personal relationships before organizational compliance.

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