scholarly journals Maternal Deprivation Increases Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors in an Age-Dependent Fashion and Reduces Neuropeptide Y Expression in the Amygdala and Hippocampus of Male and Female Young Adult Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra S. Miragaia ◽  
Guilherme S. de Oliveira Wertheimer ◽  
Amanda C. Consoli ◽  
Rafael Cabbia ◽  
Beatriz M. Longo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Age Dependent

Ontogeny of neuropeptide Y expression in response to deprivation in lean Zucker rat pups

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. R466-R470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Kowalski ◽  
Thomas A. Houpt ◽  
Jeongwon Jahng ◽  
Nori Okada ◽  
Streamson C. Chua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Zucker Rat ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Rat Pups

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) activity is believed to play an important role in the response to food deprivation in adult rats. Little is known, however, about the role of the hypothalamic NPY system in the control of food intake in the preweanling rat. To address this issue, we examined the effect of deprivation on arcuate nucleus preproNPY expression in lean Zucker rat pups, using in situ hybridization. PreproNPY expression within the arcuate nucleus was localized to cells in the medial portion. Twenty-four hours of food, water, and maternal deprivation significantly increased the relative abundance of preproNPY mRNA in pups on postnatal day (P) 2, P9, P12, and P15 by 14–31%. This response, however, was not observed on P5. The absence of an effect on P5 and the magnitude of the response at the other ages tested were not correlated with the amount of weight lost during deprivation.

scholarly journals The Effects of Maternal Deprivation on the Hippocampal Structure in Adult Rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (03) ◽  
pp. 356-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pınar Karakaş ◽  
Memduha Gülhal Bozkır ◽  
Fahri Dere ◽  
Enver Melik ◽  
Emine Babar Melik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Structure ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Axodendritic Synapses ◽  
Group Control Group

Objectives:To examine the ultrastructural effects of maternal deprivation during developmental periods of limbi-chypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system on hippocampal dendritic structures in adult rats.Methods:The experiments were carried out with male and female wistar rats in our department. The rats were mated and, after birth, the pups were divided into four groups. The first group (control group) pups remained undisturbed with their dam until postweaning day 22. Maternal deprived groups were separated from their dams for 24 hours at postnatal day 4, 9 and 18. The subjects were provided with food and water ad libitum until 3-months-of-age. At the third month, the rats were transcardially perfused, samples were taken from CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Tissues were prepared for electron microscopy.Results:When the data were analyzed, there were no differences between male and female rats in both ultrastructure and semiquantitative analysis of axodendritic synapses. The ultrastructure of Group 1 was seen as normal while in the second Group some neurons nuclear envelope made deep invagination into the nucleus. Additionally, axodendritic synapses were found normal. In Group 3, micrographs and axodendritic synapses were showed normal structure. However, in Group 4 in some neurons invaginations were seen similar to Group 2. Axodendritic synapses were found to be normal.Conclusion:These experiments establish that MD in rats produces slight ultrastructural changes and decreases the number of synapses in CA1 and CA3 subregions of the hippocampus.

Maternal deprivation alters growth, food intake, and neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus of adolescent male and female rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1066-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Soares de Oliveira Wertheimer ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Neves Girardi ◽  
Alexandra de Sousa Miragaia de Oliveira ◽  
Beatriz Monteiro Longo ◽  
Deborah Suchecki
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Age-dependent changes in electrophysiologic characteristics of fast and slow action potentials in rat papillary muscle

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 1509-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Kojima ◽  
Nick Sperelakis ◽  
Gordon Johnson ◽  
Stewart Ehrreich ◽  
Tibor Balazs
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Β Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Slow Action Potentials

Isolated papillary muscles from juvenile (about 2 months old, average weight of 250 g) and young adult rats (about 4 months old, average weight 485 g) were studied for age-dependent differences in the characteristics of fast and slow action potentials (APs). The fast and slow APs were recorded in 5.4 mM and 25 mM K+-Tyrode solutions, respectively (stimulation rate of 1 Hz). For the slow APs, the dose–response curves for isoproterenol versus [Formula: see text] (the maximum rate of rise of the APs), overshoot, and AP amplitude were linear between 10−9 M and 10−6 M (10−5 M in some cases) in the juvenile and young adult rats. Isoproterenol pretreatment (1 mg/kg s.c, 1 h prior) decreased the slope of the dose–response curve, and saturation was achieved at a lower concentration. The [Formula: see text], overshoot, and amplitude of both the fast and slow APs were somewhat smaller in the young adult rats than in the juvenile rats; there were no differences in the resting potential, AP duration, or threshold voltage. These results suggest that activation of a greater fraction of the β-adrenergic receptors is coupled directly or indirectly to activation of a greater fraction of the slow channels. The pretreatment data suggest that down-regulation of the β-adrenergic receptor may occur. The conductance per channel for the fast Na+ channels and slow channels, and (or) the number of both types of functional channels, may decrease with age.

scholarly journals Microvascular Sex- and Age- Dependent Phosphodiesterase Expression

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjie Wang ◽  
Murtaza M. Kazmi ◽  
Virginia H. Huxley
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Cyclic Nucleotide ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Camp And Cgmp

Objective: The cyclic nucleotide second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, are pivotal regulators of vascular functions; their cellular levels are tightly controlled by the cyclic nucleotide hydrolases, phosphodiesterases (PDE). Biologic sex and age are recognized as independent factors impacting the mechanisms mediating both vascular health and dysfunction. This study focused on microvessels isolated from male and female rats before (juvenile) and after (adult) sexual maturity under resting conditions. We tested the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in microvascular PDE expression would be absent in juvenile rats, but would manifest in adult rats.Methods: Abdominal skeletal muscle arterioles and venules were isolated from age-matched juvenile and adult male and female rats under resting conditions. Transcripts of five PDE families (1–5) associated with coronary and vascular function with a total of ten genes were measured using TaqMan real-time RT-PCR and protein expression of microvessel PDE4 was assessed using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence.Results: Overall expression levels of PDE5A were highest while PDE3 levels were lowest among the five PDE families (p < 0.05) regardless of age or sex. Contrary to our hypothesis, in juveniles, sexual dimorphism in PDE expression was observed in three genes: arterioles (PDE1A, female > male) and venules (PDE1B and 3A, male > female). In adults, gene expression levels in males were higher than females for five genes in arterioles (PDE1C, 3A, 3B, 4B, 5A) and three genes (PDE3A, 3B, and 5A) in venules. Furthermore, age-related differences were observed in PDE1-5 (in males, adult > juvenile for most genes in arterioles; in females, adult > juvenile for arteriolar PDE3A; juvenile gene expression > adult for two genes in arterioles and three genes in venules). Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analysis revealed protein expression of microvessel PDE4.Conclusion: This study revealed sexual dimorphism in both juvenile and adult rats, which is inconsistent with our hypothesis. The sex- and age-dependent differences in PDE expression implicate different modulations of cAMP and cGMP pathways for microvessels in health. The implication of these sex- and age-dependent differences, as well as the duration and microdomain of PDE1-5 activities in skeletal muscle microvessels, in both health and disease, require further investigation.

INDUCTION OF GOITRE BY PTU OR KClO4 IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS. EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jolín ◽  
M. J. Tarin ◽  
M. D. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Content ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Tsh Levels

ABSTRACT Male and female rats of varying ages were placad on a low iodine diet (LID) plus KClO4 or 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) or on the same diet supplemented with I (control rats). Goitrogenesis was also induced with LID plus PTU in gonadectomized animals of both sexes. The weight of the control and goitrogen treated animals, and the weight and iodine content of their thyroids were determined, as well as the plasma PBI, TSH, insulin and glucose levels. The pituitary GH-like protein content was assessed by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. If goitrogenesis was induced in young rats of both sexes starting with rats of the same age, body weight (B.W.) and pituitary growth hormone (GH) content, it was found that both the males and females developed goitres of the same size. On the contrary, when goitrogenesis was induced in adult animals, it was found that male rats, that had larger B.W. and pituitary GH content than age-paired females, developed larger goitres. However, both male and female rats were in a hypothyroid condition of comparable degree as judged by the thyroidal iodine content and the plasma PBI and TSH levels. When all the data on the PTU or KClO4-treated male and female rats of varying age and B.W. were considered together, it was observed that the weights of the thyroids increased proportionally to B.W. However, a difference in the slope of the regression of the thyroid weight over B.W. was found between male and female rats, due to the fact that adult male rats develop larger goitres than female animals. In addition, in the male rats treated with PTU, gonadectomy decreased the B.W., pituitary content of GH-like protein and, concomitantly, the size of the goitre decreased; an opposite effect was induced by ovariectomy on the female animals. However, when goitrogenesis was induced in weight-paired adult rats of both sexes, the male animals still developed larger goitres than the females. Among all the parameters studied here, the only ones which appeared to bear a consistent relationship with the size of the goitres in rats of different sexes, treated with a given goitrogen, were the rate of body growth and the amount of a pituitary GH-like protein found before the onset of the goitrogen treatment. Moreover, though the pituitary content of the GH-like protein decreased as a consequence of goitrogen treatment, it was still somewhat higher in male that in female animals. The present results suggest that GH may somehow be involved in the mechanism by which male and female rats on goitrogens develop goitres of different sizes, despite equally high plasma TSH levels.

Early life maternal deprivation attenuates morphine induced inhibition in lateral paragigantocellularis neurons in adult rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
pp. 128-135
Author(s):  
Hossein Masrouri ◽  
Maryam Azadi ◽  
Saeed Semnanian ◽  
Hossein Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Adult Rats
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