scholarly journals Strain, Soil-Type, Irrigation Regimen, and Poultry Litter Influence Salmonella Survival and Die-off in Agricultural Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron A. Bardsley ◽  
Daniel L. Weller ◽  
David T. Ingram ◽  
Yuhuan Chen ◽  
David Oryang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Loam Soil

The use of untreated biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO) have been identified as one potential mechanism for the dissemination and persistence of Salmonella in the produce growing environment. Data on factors influencing Salmonella concentration in amended soils are therefore needed. The objectives here were to (i) compare die-off between 12 Salmonella strains following inoculation in amended soil and (ii) characterize any significant effects associated with soil-type, irrigation regimen, and amendment on Salmonella survival and die-off. Three greenhouse trials were performed using a randomized complete block design. Each strain (~4 log CFU/g) was homogenized with amended or non-amended sandy-loam or clay-loam soil. Salmonella levels were enumerated in 25 g samples 0, 0.167 (4 h), 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 56, 84, 112, 168, 210, 252, and 336 days post-inoculation (dpi), or until two consecutive samples were enrichment negative. Regression analysis was performed between strain, soil-type, irrigation, and (i) time to last detect (survival) and (ii) concentration at each time-point (die-off rate). Similar effects of strain, irrigation, soil-type, and amendment were identified using the survival and die-off models. Strain explained up to 18% of the variance in survival, and up to 19% of variance in die-off rate. On average Salmonella survived for 129 days in amended soils, however, Salmonella survived, on average, 30 days longer in clay-loam soils than sandy-loam soils [95% Confidence interval (CI) = 45, 15], with survival time ranging from 84 to 210 days for the individual strains during daily irrigation. When strain-specific associations were investigated using regression trees, S. Javiana and S. Saintpaul were found to survive longer in sandy-loam soil, whereas most of the other strains survived longer in clay-loam soil. Salmonella also survived, on average, 128 days longer when irrigated weekly, compared to daily (CI = 101, 154), and 89 days longer in amended soils, than non-amended soils (CI = 61, 116). Overall, this study provides insight into Salmonella survival following contamination of field soils by BSAAO. Specifically, Salmonella survival may be strain-specific as affected by both soil characteristics and management practices. These data can assist in risk assessment and strain selection for use in challenge and validation studies.

Influence of urea fertilization and urease inhibitor on the size and activity of the soil microbial biomass under conventional and zero tillage at two sites

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Banerjee ◽  
D. L. Burton ◽  
C. A. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Loam Soil

Fertilizers are frequently used in agriculture to enhance crop yield and quality. Increasingly, microbial and enzyme inhibitors are being used to enhance the efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen use. The assumption being made is that the impact of these compounds is short-term or localized and thus does not adversely impact soil quality. This study investigates the implications of urea fertilizer with and without urease inhibitor [N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT], conventional and zero tillage systems, and soil types on the soil biological characteristics including N mineralization. Microplot studies were conducted in clay loam and fine sandy loam soils in Manitoba. Soil type had a significant effect on the soil organic C but tillage did not have any significant effect. Soil microbial biomass C content ranged widely (131–1215 µg g−1 soil). The clay loam soil generally tended to contain higher biomass C than the sandy loam soil. The potential soil mineral N production (N0) was higher in clay loam soil (92.6 µg g−1 soil) than sandy loam soil (40.2 µg g−1 soil). Tillage systems, urea and urease inhibitor application had no significant impact on the soil biomass C, N0, arylsulfatase or acid and alkaline phosphatase content. At these sites considerable fluctuations occurred in the microbial and biochemical properties due to the variation of soil type. In general, these fluctuations were mainly related to soil organic matter and soil moisture content. Tillage system, urea with and without NBPT application did not contribute any notable impact on the soil biological properties reported in this study. Key words: Soil biological quality, soil type, urease inhibitor, conventional tillage, zero tillage

TOLERANCE OF EARLY-MATURING SOYBEAN CULTIVARS TO METRIBUZIN

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. FRIESEN ◽  
D. A. WALL
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Environment Chamber ◽  
Chamber Studies

McCall, Maple Presto, Maple Amber and OT80-3 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars were evaluated under field conditions for their response to metribuzin. Maple Amber was found to be less tolerant than the other cultivars. In controlled environment chamber studies, injury to this cultivar was more severe on a sandy loam soil than on a clay loam soil. Fall applications of metribuzin, alone or tank-mixed with trifluralin, were tolerant to Maple Amber soybeans and such applications may offer a practical alternative to spring treatments for broad spectrum weed control in the less tolerant soybean cultivars grown in Manitoba.Key words: Metribuzin, trifluralin, preplant incorporation, fall treatments, soybean cultivars

scholarly journals Biochar Improves Plant Growth and Reduces Nutrient Leaching in Red Clay Loam and Sandy Loam

2012 ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalpana Pudasaini ◽  
Nanjappa Ashwath ◽  
Kerry Walsh ◽  
Thakur Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Green Waste ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Water Holding

A factorial pot experiment was conducted using two types of soils (sandy loam and red clay loam) that are commonly used for commercial vegetable production in Bundaberg, region of Central Queensl and Australia. The soils were amended with 0, 25, 50 and 75 t/ha of green waste biochar and minimum doses of N, P and K (30 kg/ha, 30 kg/ha and 40 kg/ha respectively). After two weeks of plant establishment, the pots were leached with 1.5 litres of deionised water at week intervals, and cation concentrations of the leachate were determined. In 25 t/ha biochar treatment, there was a significant (P<0.05) reduction in K and Ca leaching by 40% and 26% respectively from sandy loam, and of Ca by 23% from the red clay loam. Soil water holding capacity and soil organic carbon were also increased in both biochar treated soils. After 12 weeks of growth, shoot weight was signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher in 25 t/ha biochar-treated sandy loam and red clay loam (32% and 31% respectively). These results clearly demonstrated that a higher yield of capsicum can be achieved from green waste biochar application in sandy loam and red clay loam at 25 t/ha biochar.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7221 Hydro Nepal Special Issue: Conference Proceedings 2012 pp.86-90

scholarly journals Effect of growing media on mat type seedling raised for mechanical rice transplanting 

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 157-167
Author(s):  
Hossen Anwar M ◽  
Hossain Mosharraf M ◽  
Haque Enamul M ◽  
Bell Richard W
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Rolling Quality

Mechanical transplanted seedling must meet the requirements of standard seedling block with uniform distribution of seedlings and inter-twisting roots for rolling. This study was conducted to identify the effect of growing media on mat type seedling raised for mechanical transplanting at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur during the period of 2012–2014 covering two dry and cold seasons (Boro) and one wet season (Aman). Seedling were raised on plastic tray using sandy loam and clay loam soil mixed with decomposed cow-dung, mustard cake, rice straw organic fertilizer, rice bran, poultry litter and vermicompost at the rate of 0.0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%. Rolling quality of the seedling mat decreased and seedling height increased with the increased of mixing rate of organic fertilizer except rice bran and mustard cake. Averaged across three seasons, 10 to 30% cow-dung, rice straw organic fertilizer, vermicompost, 10% poultry litter and 20 to 30% rice bran with both types of soil was found suitable for seedling mat and seedling height. However, seedling varied among the organic fertilizers with both types of soil in the order of cow-dung &gt; rice bran &gt; vermicompost &gt; poultry liter &gt; rice straw organic fertilizer &gt; mustard cake. Clay loam soil showed better performance on rolling quality over sandy loam soil.

scholarly journals Influence of wood-derived biochar on the physico-mechanical and chemical characteristics of agricultural soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed S.F. Ahmed ◽  
Vijaya Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Specific Influence ◽  
And Chemical Properties

AbstractAmendment of soil with biochar has been shown to enhance fertility and increase crop productivity, but the specific influence of biochar on soil workability remains unclear. Select physico-mechanical and chemical properties of clay loam and sandy loam soils were measured after amendment with wood-derived biochar of two particle size ranges (0.5-425 and 425-850 µm) at five dosages ranging from 0.5 to 10% dry weight. Whereas the clay loam soil workability decreased when the finer wood-derived biochar was applied at rates of 6 or 10%, soil fertility was not enhanced. The sandy loam soil, due to Proctor compaction, significantly decreased in bulk density with 6 and 10% wood-derived biochar amendments indicating higher soil resistance to compaction.

scholarly journals Field dissipation of pendimethalin and alachlor in sandy clay loam soil and its terminal residues in sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 709-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Janaki ◽  
C. Chinnusamy ◽  
N. Sakthivel ◽  
C. Nithya
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Helianthus Annus ◽  
Loam Soil

Field experiments were conducted with sunflower as a test crop during 2010-11 to study the dissipation kinetics and the persistence of pendimethalin and alachlor in sandy clay loam soil and its terminal residues in sunflower. Herbicides were applied at recommended and double the recommended dose along with control and the treatments were replicated thrice in randomized block design. The soil and plant samples collected at periodical intervals for herbicides residue determination using GC equipped with ECD detector. Results shows that the degradation of both the herbicides in soil was faster at higher dose of application than at the lower dose and the concentration decreased with the advancement in crop growth. While pendimethalin persisted in soil for 60 – 90 days, the alachlor persisted in soil for 30 - 45 days depending on the quantity of application. Degradation of both the herbicides in soil followed first order kinetics with the mean half life of 14.6 and 9.8 days respectively for pendimethalin and alachlor. Residues of these herbicides were below 0.001 mg/kg at the time of harvest in soil, sunflower seeds and stalks showed that these herbicides a can be safely used for the control of weeds in sunflower cultivation.

scholarly journals Carrot Yield and Shape Altered by Seeding Rate and Raised Beds in Clay-loam Soil

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Charlie L. Rohwer
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Specific Yield ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Heavy Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Raised Bed ◽  
Plot Design

Carrots (Daucus carota L. var sativus) in the midwestern United States are generally raised commercially on sandy-loam or muck soils. Some smaller growers may not have the luxury of an ideal soil type, so raised beds are often recommended to improve taproot growth. To determine specific yield and shape responses of carrots to raised-bed culture in heavy soil, three hybrids (‘Cupar’, ‘Envy’, and ‘Naval’) were grown in 2019 and 2020 on raised or flat beds in clay-loam soil. In addition, two seeding rates (high or low) were incorporated into the split-split plot design. ‘Cupar’ was larger and less misshapen than the other hybrids, but total marketable yields were similar among all three. ‘Naval’ was the most cylindrical. High seeding rate generally resulted in more numerous but smaller marketable roots and no change in total marketable weight. Raised beds caused a 10.6% increase in total marketable weight by allowing more marketable roots classified as “short” (between 76 and 127 mm long, diameter >25 mm) to grow to lengths more than 127 mm long. The average taproot cylindricity was increased and diameter decreased by growing on raised beds. Soil penetration resistance at 7.6 cm was correlated with many of the measured responses.

Performance Evaluation of Surface Overlaid EN-42 Steel for Tillage Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagseer Singh ◽  
Sukhpal Singh Chatha ◽  
Buta Singh Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
Loam Soil

Abstract Wear of tools is a key problem in the farming sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the wear performance of untreated steel (EN-42) and two hardfacings, namely H1 and VB. Hardfacing H1 (0.86Cr0.22C) fall in the basic buildup iron–carbide alloy category and hardfacing VB (3.19Cr2.51C2.7Si) is categorized as martensitic alloy steel. Abrasive wear performance of untreated, as well as hardfaced steel specimens, was evaluated in the laboratory and actual field conditions. The tests were conducted in the laboratory, and actual field trials were conducted in sandy loam and sandy clay-loam soil. The performance of the untreated and hardfaced steel was analyzed using various techniques such as weight loss, microhardness, microstructure and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that H1 and VB overlaid steel exhibited better wear performance than the untreated steel, and the least wear-rate was found in sandy clay-loam soil. VB overlaid steel experienced lesser cumulative weight loss (g) and wear-rate (g/km) and thus displayed better abrasive wear behavior under all the conditions of the study. Further, it has been observed that the moisture content in soil exerts a stronger effect on ploughshare wear than soil type. For actual field conditions, untreated and overlaid ploughshares tested in sandy loam soil with low moisture content (0–3%) experienced almost three times higher wear-rate (4.078 g/km, 3.699 g/km, and 3.055 g/km for untreated, H1, and VB overlaid steel, respectively) than the same ploughshares tested in soil having high (14–17%) moisture content (1.296 g/km, 1.178 g/km, and 0.913 g/km for untreated, H1, and VB overlaid steel, respectively).

CO2 Emissions and Maize Biomass Production Using Digestate Liquid Fraction in Two Soil Texture Types

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1325-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmelo Maucieri ◽  
Maurizio Borin
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Emission Peak ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Loam Soil

Abstract. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of soil texture and primary tillage type on soil CO2 emission and maize biomass production after digestate liquid fraction (DLF) spreading. The study was conducted in 2014 in two open fields at Terrasa Padovana (farm 1) and Bovolenta (farm 2) in the Veneto Region of Italy. Soil CO2 emission after digestate spreading was evaluated by comparing the effect of soil texture (sandy loam vs. clay loam) at farm 1 and the effect of long-term primary tillage management (&gt;10 years) (ripping vs. plowing) in clay loam soil at farm 2. Unamended soil was considered the control at both farms. DLF was supplied before maize ( L.) sowing at a dose equal to 170 kg total nitrogen ha-1 using a splash-plate technique. DLF spreading determined a CO2 emission peak 1 h after spreading at both farms, with median emission values of 8.93 and 4.35 g m-2 h-1, respectively, from the sandy loam and clay loam soils at farm 1. At farm 2, primary tillage type did not exert a significant effect on CO2 emission peak, with a median value of 5.85 g m-2 h-1. About three days after DLF distribution, soil CO2 fluxes were less than 1 g m-2 h-1. The first soil harrowing and the first rainfall event after spreading determined significantly higher CO2 emissions from amended plots than from unamended plots for a few hours. At farm 1, soil CO2 emission during the maize growing season was significantly higher in the amended plots (+1.7 times) than in the unamended plots, which showed a median emission value of 0.29 g m-2 h-1; soil texture and tillage exerted no significant influence. Maize yield at dough stage was not significantly influenced by DLF at farm 1, with 22.7 ±1.6 Mg ha-1 and 18.7 ±2.8 Mg ha-1 in the clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. At farm 2, the distribution of DLF increased maize biomass production by +17% with respect to the unamended treatment that produced 18.0 ±2.4 Mg ha-1. Although the results reported in this article concern data from only one year, and further long-term experiments are needed to confirm our findings, they indicate that CO2 emissions after digestate distribution are lower in a clay loam soil than in a sandy loam soil and are not affected by primary tillage type. Keywords: Clay loam soil, Digestate splash-plate spreading, Plowing, Ripping, Sandy loam soil.

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