scholarly journals The Consequences of Glacier Retreat Are Uneven Between Plant Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianalberto Losapio ◽  
Bruno E. L. Cerabolini ◽  
Chiara Maffioletti ◽  
Duccio Tampucci ◽  
Mauro Gobbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Glacier Retreat ◽  
Pioneer Species ◽  
Temporal Dynamic ◽  
Species Persistence ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Glaciers are retreating worldwide, exposing new terrain to colonization by plants. Recently-deglaciated terrains have been a subject of ecological studies for a long time, as they represent a unique natural model system for examining the effects of global warming associated with glacier retreat on biodiversity and the spatio-temporal dynamic of communities. However, we still have a limited understanding of how physical and biotic factors interactively influence species persistence and community dynamics after glacier retreat and glacier extinction. Using hierarchical joint species distribution models, we integrated data on plant species occurrence at fine spatial scale, spatio-temporal context, environmental conditions, leaf traits, and species-to-species associations in plant communities spanning 0 to c 5,000 years on average after glacier retreat. Our results show that plant diversity initially increases with glacier retreat, but ultimately decreases after glacier extinction. The 22% of plant species non-linearly respond to glacier retreat and will locally disappear with glacier extinction. At the local scale, soil carbon enrichment and reduction of physical (topographic) disturbance positively contribute to distribution patterns in 66% of the species, indicating a strong impact of community-level environmental conditions. Furthermore, positive and negative associations among species play a relevant role (up to 34% of variance) in driving the spatio-temporal dynamic of plant communities. Global warming prompts a shift from facilitation to competition: positive associations prevail among pioneer species, whereas negative associations are relatively more common among late species. This pattern suggests a role of facilitation for enhancing plant diversity in recently ice-free terrains and of competition for decreasing species persistence in late stages. Associated to that, species persisting the most show more “conservative” traits than species of concern. In summary, although plant diversity initially increases with glacier retreat, more than a fifth of plant species are substantially declining and will disappear with glacier extinction. Even for the “winners,” the “victory” is not to be taken for granted due to the negative impact of rising competition. Integrating survey data with hierarchical and network models can help to forecast biodiversity change and anticipate cascading effects of glacier retreat on mountain ecosystems. These effects include the reduction of ecosystem services and benefits to humans, including food production from the pioneer species Artemisia genipi.

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS TUMBUHAN MASA LAMPAU DI SITUS PEMUTERAN, KABUPATEN BULELENG, PROVINSI BALI (Kajian berdasarkan analisis palinology)

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-30
Author(s):  
Vita Vita
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fossil Pollen ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Soil Sediment ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Excavation Site

A variety of plant species that exist today reflect the diversity of plant species as well as how pre-existing or in the past, the area along the environmental conditions are not much changed significantly. Plant communities in a region will illustrate the diversity of plant species tolerant to environmental conditions in the area. The power plant tolerance to different environmental factors will lead to different types of plants that live in the area By using HF method and Acetolysis, then the results of the identification of fossil pollen (pollen analysis) that has been done specifically on a sample of soil /sediment from the findings of pottery, as well as the box has been opened at the excavation site Pemuteran, Buleleng Regency, Bali Province randomly, especially in layer B in test pit 4 and 5, the types derived from fossil pollen from plants derived from plants that are useful in the family Compositae, Poaceae, Malvaceae and Papilionaceae. In addition, there is also a pollen that is not available on the site around Pemuteran, such as the family Pinaceae, Fagaceae, Daphnae, Sequoia, Geraniaceae, Cupressus.

scholarly journals Effects of plant species diversity on nematode community composition and diversity in a long-term biodiversity experiment

Oecologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dietrich ◽  
Simone Cesarz ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
Christiane Roscher ◽  
Nico Eisenhauer
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Resource Quality ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Shoot Mass

AbstractDiversity loss has been shown to change the soil community; however, little is known about long-term consequences and underlying mechanisms. Here, we investigated how nematode communities are affected by plant species richness and whether this is driven by resource quantity or quality in 15-year-old plant communities of a long-term grassland biodiversity experiment. We extracted nematodes from 93 experimental plots differing in plant species richness, and measured above- and belowground plant biomass production and soil organic carbon concentrations (Corg) as proxies for resource quantity, as well as C/Nleaf ratio and specific root length (SRL) as proxies for resource quality. We found that nematode community composition and diversity significantly differed among plant species richness levels. This was mostly due to positive plant diversity effects on the abundance and genus richness of bacterial-feeding, omnivorous, and predatory nematodes, which benefited from higher shoot mass and soil Corg in species-rich plant communities, suggesting control via resource quantity. In contrast, plant-feeding nematodes were negatively influenced by shoot mass, probably due to higher top–down control by predators, and were positively related to SRL and C/Nleaf, indicating control via resource quality. The decrease of the grazing pressure ratio (plant feeders per root mass) with plant species richness indicated a higher accumulation of plant-feeding nematodes in species-poor plant communities. Our results, therefore, support the hypothesis that soil-borne pathogens accumulate in low-diversity communities over time, while soil mutualists (bacterial-feeding, omnivorous, predatory nematodes) increase in abundance and richness in high-diversity plant communities, which may contribute to the widely-observed positive plant diversity–productivity relationship.

scholarly journals Effects of plant community history, soil legacy and plant diversity on soil microbial communities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc W. Schmid ◽  
Sofia J. van Moorsel ◽  
Terhi Hahl ◽  
Enrica De Luca ◽  
Gerlinde B. Deyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Soil Microbial Diversity ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Community History ◽  
Soil Legacy ◽  
Bacterial Richness

AbstractPlant and soil microbial diversity are linked through a range of interactions, including the exchange of carbon and nutrients but also herbivory and pathogenic effects. Over time, associations between plant communities and their soil microbiota may strengthen and become more specific, resulting in stronger associations between plant and soil microbial diversity. We tested this hypothesis in a 4-year long field experiment in which we factorially combined plant community history and soil legacy with plant diversity (1, 2, 4, 8, 60 species). Plant community history and soil legacy refer to the presence (“old”) or absence (“new”) of a common history of plants and soils in 52 different plant species compositions during 8 years in a long-term biodiversity experiment in Jena, Germany. After 4 years of growth, we took soil samples in the new field experiment and determined soil bacterial and fungal composition in terms of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using 16S rRNA gene and ITS DNA sequencing. Plant community history did not affect overall soil community composition but differentially affected bacterial richness and abundances of specific bacteria taxa in association with particular plant species compositions. Soil legacy markedly increased soil bacterial richness and evenness and decreased fungal evenness. Soil fungal richness increased with plant species richness, regardless of plant community history or soil legacy, with the strongest difference between plant monocultures and mixtures. Particular plant species compositions and functional groups were associated with particular bacterial and fungal community compositions. Grasses increased and legumes decreased fungal richness and evenness. Our findings indicate that as experimental ecosystems varying in plant diversity develop over 8 years, plant species associate with specific soil microbial taxa. This can have long-lasting effects on belowground community composition in re-assembled plant communities, as reflected in strong soil legacy signals still visible after 4 years of growing new plant communities. Effects of plant community history on soil communities are subtle and may take longer to fully develop.

scholarly journals Impact of natural factors on population changes of herbaceous plants species and assessment of their state in present high-mountain conditions of the Ukrainian Carpathians

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
R. Dmytrakh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Herbaceous Plants ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Mountain Zone ◽  
Regenerative Ability

Background. Natural ecosystems of the Ukrainian Carpathians have been signi­ficantly transformed during the last few years due to the impact of climate factors and an increased activity of nature restoration processes. The study of the influence of the external environ­mental factors on populations of the herbaceous plant species is particularly topical for the high-mountain ecosystems. As a result of gradual restoration of native plants, specific changes occur in the structural and spatial organization of populations of many herbaceous plant species. Thus, considering the increased climate changes and regenera­tive activity, the assessment of the present condition of the populations of herbaceous plant species, their regenerative ability, response to changing environmental conditions and individual peculiarities of performance in the altered environmental conditions are important. Methods. The conventional stationary and route-field methods were applied in order to determine changes in the structural organization of high-mountain plant populations and their regenerative ability. The initial diagnostic parameters of the populations’ condition include the individual growth peculiarities and the nature of dynamic trends under the changed environmental conditions. During the ontogenetic development of plants, the most important changes occur within the generative phase that ensures the rege­nera­tion and self-maintenance of populations by means of seeds; those changes are a significant indicative feature. The long-term observations of different types of plant communities were applied; these included the records of the main parameters and characteristic features at permanent test sites. The transects are located in the alpine, subalpine and upper forest belts of the Ukrainian Carpathians within 1000–2000 m a.s.l. altitudinal range. The study comprises such behavioral features of the species populations as phenological (intensity phenophase, flowering rhythmics), demographic (number of individuals, spatial differentiation), reproductive (generative reproduction, seed productivity), etc., which enable the determination of their adaptation and ability to exist under the changed environmental conditions. Results. The continuous monitoring of different high-mountain plant aggregations showed that in some cases the number of species which are distinguished by active regenerative strategy aimed at further extension of the habitat is growing, while in other cases the species demonstrated the opposite trend resulting from their inability to adapt to changing habitat conditions. It has been determined that the vegetative development of the populations of high-mountain plant species is closely related to temperature conditions which influence phenology, dynamics of the numbers of individuals and the nature of their reproduction. A significant influence of warming on the processes of seasonal development of populations and flowering abundance is evidenced by their increased number and migration to much higher hypsometric levels of the high-mountain zone. The increased ability to generative reproduction contributes to the dissemination of seeds and formation of new population loci Valeriana simplicifolia, V. transsilvanica, Silene dioica, Astrantia major, Doronicum carpaticum, Euphorbia carniolica, etc. in favourable micro-habitats at significantly higher hypsometric levels of the high-mountain zone (1600–2000 m a.s.l.). Another natural factor of changes in populations of herbaceous plant species is the impact of restoration succesions in different types of plant communities. These changes are usually accompanied by increased shading and crowding of vegetation due to the spread of more competitive tree and shrub species as well as adventive species of tall herbaceous plants. It refers mostly to grassland species that need open sites for the effective population recruitment. Radical changes can be observed in the structural organization of the populations of herbaceous plants species due to an increased cenotic activity of more competitive species. Such changes reduce the regenerative ability of the populations of herbaceous plants species and trigger their fragmentation. Thus, the change of ecological and cenotic conditions of various plant communities along the elevation gradient of the highlands predetermines different charac­teristic features of the populations of herbaceous plant species and their unequal spatial differentiation. Conclusions. It has been determined that present natural processes occurring in the populations of herbaceous plant species of the high-mountain zone controversially influence their regenerative ability and the nature of changes in their structural organization. The dynamics of populations in each separate case is defined by the influence of natural and climate changes and their association with particular plant communities along the elevation gradient of the high-mountain zone. The multi-year dynamics of the numbers of generative individuals represents their regenerative ability in populations and dependence on weather conditions. The important feature of active regeneration of the populations is the development of their local foci in favorable microhabitats at significantly higher hypsometric levels of the high-mountain zone, in particular, the alpine and the upper margin of the alpine. Occurrence of new populations loci is indicative of their ability to reproduce and survive. In some cases, the dynamic trends in populations are accompanied by an increased number of individuals and extension of their habitats, while in other cases, trends are the opposite, which is caused by a decreased number of individuals and their degradation. The processes which are observed during the regeneration of species populations are related to their ascending extension to various hypsometric levels, as well as the strengthening of the positions of the populations of tree and shrub layer species and adventive representatives of tall herbaceous plants which are peculiar to lower layers. Significant overgrowth processes, which result in gradual exclusion of herbaceous plant species typical of meadow communities aggregations, are observed in the habitats of the populations of many types of herbaceous plants and at the upper margin of the forest and subalpine layers. Thus, the changes in ecological and cenotic conditions of various plant communities along the elevation gradient of the highlands predetermines different characteristic features of the populations of herbaceous plant species and their unequal spatial differentiation.

scholarly journals Plant–plant spatial association networks in gypsophilous communities: the influence of aridity and grazing and the role of gypsophytes in its structure

Web Ecology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Saiz ◽  
C. L. Alados ◽  
Y. Pueyo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Patch Type ◽  
Patch Structure ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Negative Links ◽  
Vegetation Patches

Abstract. In stressful environments many plant species are only able to survive if they benefit from the facilitative effect of "nurse" species. Typically, these nurses are species adapted to the stressful environmental conditions that favor the formation of vegetation patches, where other, less-adapted species can be established. However, ecological interactions can be influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. In this study we quantified the effect of grazing and aridity on the patch structure of gypsophilous plant communities and the role that gypsophytes, species adapted to gypsum soils, play in structuring these communities. Specifically, we created signed networks (networks with positive and negative links) at grazed and ungrazed sites in two areas in the middle Ebro Valley, Spain, that differed in aridity. We built networks connecting plant species with positive and negative links derived from the spatial associations between species. Then, we divided networks in partitions which represented the different vegetation patches present in the community. We found that vegetation patches were more specific (same species always were associated in the same patch type) in high aridity and grazed sites, where environmental conditions were the most stressful and many species persisted by associating with nurse species. Gypsophytes were more important aggregating species than nongypsophytes in grazed high aridity sites. Independently of study sites, gypsophyte shrubs acted as nurses, but small gypsophytes segregated from other species and formed monospecific patches. In conclusion, grazing and aridity influenced the patch structure of gypsophilous plant communities. Gypsophytes played an important role structuring the patch community, but this importance depended on environmental conditions and the identity of gypsophyte.

scholarly journals Diversity loss selects for altered plant phenotypic responses to local arbuscular mycorrhizal communities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terhi Hahl ◽  
Sofia Julia van Moorsel ◽  
Marc W. Schmid ◽  
Debra Zuppinger-Dingley ◽  
Bernhard Schmid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Amf Communities ◽  
Phenotypic Responses

1. Biodiversity loss not only impairs ecosystem functioning but can also alter the selection for traits in plant communities. At high diversity selection favours traits that allow for greater niche partitioning, whereas at low diversity selection may favour greater defence against pathogens. However, it is unknown whether changes in plant diversity also select for altered interactions with soil organisms. 2. We assessed whether the responses in plant growth and functional traits to their local arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities have been altered by the diversity of the plant communities from which both plants and AMF communities were obtained. We grew plants with AMF communities that originated from either plant monocultures or mixtures in a fully factorial design that included both negative and positive controls, by inoculating no AMF or a foreign AMF respectively. 3. We found that AMF from plant mixtures were more beneficial than monoculture AMF for two out of five plant species. Plants from mixtures generally grew better than those from monocultures, but suffered greater damage by leaf pathogens. Although plant growth and phenotypic responses were dependent on the AMF communities with which they associated, we found little evidence for plant growth responses specific to their local AMF communities and results differed between species and traits. 4. Our results show that plants from mixtures were selected for increased growth at the expense of reduced defence and vice versa for plants from monocultures, providing evidence for plant diversity-dependent selection on competitive growth vs. defence. Furthermore, our study suggests that effects of a common history between plants and AMF do not follow a general pattern leading to increased or decreased mutualism. 5. Synthesis: Here we provide evidence that biodiversity loss can alter evolutionary trajectories of plant phenotypes and responses to their local AMF communities. However, the selection for altered plant-AMF interactions differ between plant species. To understand how plant communities respond and evolve under a changing environment requires further knowledge about life strategies of plant species and their above-belowground interactions.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Diversity on Forest Plant Species Abundance: A Case Study from Central-European Highlands

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Pavel Samec ◽  
Jiří Volánek ◽  
Miloš Kučera ◽  
Pavel Cudlín
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Plant Distribution ◽  
Soil Diversity ◽  
Abiotic Environment ◽  
Soil Group ◽  
Biogeographical Regions ◽  
Forest Distribution

Plant distribution is most closely associated with the abiotic environment. The abiotic environment affects plant species’ abundancy unevenly. The asymmetry is further deviated by human interventions. Contrarily, soil properties preserve environmental influences from the anthropogenic perturbations. The study examined the supra-regional similarities of soil effects on plant species’ abundance in temperate forests to determine: (i) spatial relationships between soil property and forest-plant diversity among geographical regions; (ii) whether the spatial dependencies among compared forest-diversity components are influenced by natural forest representation. The spatial dependence was assessed using geographically weighted regression (GWR) of soil properties and plant species abundance from forest stands among 91 biogeographical regions in the Czech Republic (Central Europe). Regional soil properties and plant species abundance were acquired from 7550 national forest inventory plots positioned in a 4 × 4 km grid. The effect of natural forests was assessed using linear regression between the sums of squared GWR residues and protected forest distribution in the regions. Total diversity of forest plants is significantly dependent on soil-group representation. The soil-group effect is more significant than that of bedrock bodies, most of all in biogeographical regions with protected forest representation >50%. Effects of soil chemical properties were not affected by protected forest distribution. Spatial dependency analysis separated biogeographical regions of optimal forest plant diversity from those where inadequate forest-ecosystem diversity should be increased alongside soil diversity.

scholarly journals Research on the Spatio-Temporal Dynamic Evolution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Electrical Power Consumption in Three Urban Agglomerations of Yangtze River Economic Belt, China Based on DMSP/OLS Night Light Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1150
Author(s):  
Yang Zhong ◽  
Aiwen Lin ◽  
Chiwei Xiao ◽  
Zhigao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Random Forest Algorithm ◽  
Temporal Dynamic ◽  
Urban Agglomerations ◽  
Evolution Characteristics ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Electrical Power Consumption ◽  
Gwr Model

In this paper, based on electrical power consumption (EPC) data extracted from DMSP/OLS night light data, we select three national-level urban agglomerations in China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt(YREB), includes Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations(YRDUA), urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River(UAMRYR), and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration(CCUA) as the research objects. In addition, the coefficient of variation (CV), kernel density analysis, cold hot spot analysis, trend analysis, standard deviation ellipse and Moran’s I Index were used to analyze the Spatio-temporal Dynamic Evolution Characteristics of EPC in the three urban agglomerations of the YREB. In addition, we also use geographically weighted regression (GWR) model and random forest algorithm to analyze the influencing factors of EPC in the three major urban agglomerations in YREB. The results of this study show that from 1992 to 2013, the CV of the EPC in the three urban agglomerations of YREB has been declining at the overall level. At the same time, the highest EPC value is in YRDUA, followed by UAMRYR and CCUA. In addition, with the increase of time, the high-value areas of EPC hot spots are basically distributed in YRDUA. The standard deviation ellipses of the EPC of the three urban agglomerations of YREB clearly show the characteristics of “east-west” spatial distribution. With the increase of time, the correlations and the agglomeration of the EPC in the three urban agglomerations of the YREB were both become more and more obvious. In terms of influencing factor analysis, by using GWR model, we found that the five influencing factors we selected basically have a positive impact on the EPC of the YREB. By using the Random forest algorithm, we found that the three main influencing factors of EPC in the three major urban agglomerations in the YREB are the proportion of secondary industry in GDP, Per capita disposable income of urban residents, and Urbanization rate.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document