scholarly journals Sex–Gender Disparities in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Effects of Estrogen on eNOS, Lipid Profile, and NFATs During Catecholamine Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Louise Ndzie Noah ◽  
Gabriel Komla Adzika ◽  
Richard Mprah ◽  
Adebayo Oluwafemi Adekunle ◽  
Joseph Adu-Amankwaah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
The Impact

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) characterized by sex–gender differences remain a leading cause of death globally. Hence, it is imperative to understand the underlying mechanisms of CVDs pathogenesis and the possible factors influencing the sex–gender disparities in clinical demographics. Attempts to elucidate the underlying mechanisms over the recent decades have suggested the mechanistic roles of estrogen in modulating cardioprotective and immunoregulatory effect as a factor for the observed differences in the incidence of CVDs among premenopausal and post-menopausal women and men. This review from a pathomechanical perspective aims at illustrating the roles of estrogen (E2) in the modulation of stimuli signaling in the heart during chronic catecholamine stress (CCS). The probable mechanism employed by E2 to decrease the incidence of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and pathological cardiac hypertrophy in premenopausal women are discussed. Initially, signaling via estrogen receptors and β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) during physiological state and CCS were summarized. By reconciling the impact of estrogen deficiency and hyperstimulation of βARs, the discussions were centered on their implications in disruption of nitric oxide synthesis, dysregulation of lipid profiles, and upregulation of nuclear factor of activated T cells, which induces the aforementioned CVDs, respectively. Finally, updates on E2 therapies for maintaining cardiac health during menopause and suggestions for the advancement treatments were highlighted.

scholarly journals Understanding the Impact of Periodontal Status in Pre & Post-Menopausal Women with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis and Osteoporosis: A Cross Sectional Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Sameena Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Periodontal Status ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
The Impact

Chronic periodontitis and osteoporosis are two interconnected medical issues, which usually develops complications in the general public. However, public is mostly unaware of their periodontal status. The research study has aimed to understand the impact of periodontal status among pre and post-menopausal women, suffering from periodontitis and osteoporosis. A cross-section approach has been selected for data collection. 70 patients were selected from the outpatient department of SRM dental college in Chennai. SPSS version 20 has been used for statistical analysis. Postmenopausal women have shown statistically significant poor periodontal status as compared to premenopausal women. Similarly, it has also been evaluated that osteoporosis played a progressive role among postmenopausal women for developing periodontitis. The study leads to the conclusion that pre and post-menopausal women must undergo a periodontal assessment on a monthly basis for developing outcomes related to the risk of fractures. Parameters are closely connected with the levels of calcium according to the tests and assessments.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Index of Plasma Among the Pre and Post-Menopausal Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadia Khanduker ◽  
Rumana Ahmed ◽  
Mafruha Nazneen ◽  
Anawarul Alam ◽  
Farhana Khondokar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Atherogenic Index Of Plasma ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Post Menopausal

Background: Menopausal health in our environment has received little attention. As a independent risk factor for dyslipidemia, the degree and pattern of derangement, though difficult to assess may adversely affect the cardiovascular health of our women.Objectives: To estimate the serum lipid profile and the atherogenic index of plasma among the pre and post- menopausal women.Materials and Methods: After an overnight fasting blood samples were collected from a group of 339 women, 140 premenopausal aged between 25-50 years and 199 postmenopausal aged between 51-70 years. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and HDL-cholesterol were estimated by enzymatic methods and LDL-cholesterol by established mathematical methods. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were calculated by using the formula (logTG/HDL-C). Statistical analysis was carried out in the two groups using the unpaired t test. Results were expressed as mean±SD. P values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.Results: There were statistically significant increase in serum TC (191.21±45.50 mg/dl), TG (185.83± 111.83 mg/dl) and LDL-C (118.71±38.48 mg/dl) in post-menopausal women. Their HDL-C level (38.67±10.00mg/dl) was significantly decreased. The calculated atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was significantly higher (0.63±0.27) in post-menopausal women as compared to that in premenopausal women (0.50±0.29).Conclusion: Menopause leads to changes in lipid profile. By elevating LDL and the reduction of cardioprotective HDL is an indication that menopause is an independent risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. These changes are caused by loss of cardio-protective effect of oestrogen.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 9, No. 1: Jan 2018, P 44-49

scholarly journals COMPONENTS OF A HEALTHFUL DIET ARE ASSOCIATED WITH WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE AMONG PRE- AND POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S55-S55
Author(s):  
Lisa M Troy ◽  
Sarah Witkowski
Keyword(s):  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Visceral Adiposity ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Refined Grains ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
Dark Green

Abstract After menopause, women are at increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A contributing factor to increased risk may be weight gain, especially visceral adiposity. Diet plays a role in maintaining weight at all ages but less is known about the specific contributions of a healthful dietary pattern after menopause. Therefore, we evaluated associations between diet and WC as a measure of visceral adiposity. We compared 869 pre- (aged 35-45 years) and 353 post-menopausal (aged 40-65 years) women from NHANES III (1988-94). Women were pre-menopausal if they self-reported menses in the past 2 months and postmenopausal if they reported no menses in past 12 months and were aged &gt; 40 years. Compared to premenopausal women, postmenopausal women consumed fewer Calories (-200 kcal/d) and had a higher mean waist circumference (+4.43 cm, p=0.007), after adjusting for age, race-ethnicity, height, physical activity, and smoking. Higher intakes of dark green vegetables (p=0.03) and lower intakes of potatoes (p=0.03), refined grains (p=0.001), and meats (p=0.04) were associated with lower WC for all women. Higher intakes of nuts and seeds and fish high in Omega-3 fatty acids were associated with smaller WC while higher intakes of poultry and dairy products were associated with higher WC in post- but not pre-menopausal women. Our findings generally support a diet high in nuts and seeds, dark green vegetables, and fish, and low in potatoes, refined grains, and meats. After menopause it may be important to incorporate fatty fish, nuts and seeds into the diet for lower visceral adiposity.

Weight changes in breast cancer survivors who received adjuvant antiestrogen therapy

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6588-6588
Author(s):  
B. M. Harris ◽  
A. C. Broxson ◽  
L. A. Anderson ◽  
J. G. Engelbrink ◽  
M. A. Zalewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Hormonal Therapy ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Estrogen Therapy ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Antiestrogen Therapy ◽  
Post Menopausal

6588 Background: Antiestrogen therapy has dramatically improved breast cancer survival rates but weight gain may be problematic. Studies evaluating antiestrogen therapy-related weight gain have yielded mixed results. Our primary objective was to evaluate weight changes in female breast cancer survivors (BCS) who received adjuvant anti-estrogen therapy for stage 0-III breast cancer. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted to evaluate weight changes in female chemo naive BCS receiving anti-estrogen therapy. Weights at initiation of hormonal therapy and at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months of follow-up were recorded. Median weight changes were calculated and were compared with Wilcoxon's signed rank test or the Kurskall-Wallis test. Results: A total of 622 women were included. The majority were white (77%), had stage I disease (78%), and were postmenopausal (82%). The median age at diagnosis was 59 years (range, 26–87). Median weight at initiation of hormonal therapy among premenopausal women was 65 kg (range 45.4–122.9). Median weight gain in this group was 0.4 kg (p = 0.009), 0.7 kg (p = 0.013), 1.9 kg (p = 0.0001), and 2.4 kg (p < 0.0001) at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months respectively. Among post-menopausal women, median weight at initiation of therapy was 71.7 kg (range 41.5–152.0) and median weight gain was 0.5 kg (p < 0.0001), 1 kg (p < 0.0001), 0.85 kg (p = 0.001), and 0.85 kg (p = 0.004) at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months respectively. Premenopausal patients had significantly more weight gain at 24 (p = 0.041) and 36 months (p = 0.005), as compared to postmenopausal patients. Among premenopausal women, 110/111 were treated with tamoxifen. Among post-menopausal women (n = 510), hormonal therapy was as follows: unknown n = 28 patients, tamoxifen n = 312, and AI n = 170. Overall, BCS treated with tamoxifen vs an AI had significantly more weight gain at 24 (p = 0.003) and 36 months (p = 0.009). Conclusions: Premenopausal patients are at higher risk for weight gain than postmenopausal patients. Further prospective research is warranted examining weight gain as a long-term side effect of anti-estrogen therapy in BCS. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Estrogen and COVID-19 symptoms: associations in women from the COVID Symptom Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Costeira ◽  
Karla A Lee ◽  
Benjamin Murray ◽  
Colette Christiansen ◽  
Juan Castillo-Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
The Uk

Background: Men and older women have been shown to be at higher risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes. Animal model studies of SARS-CoV and MERS suggest that the age and sex difference in COVID-19 symptom severity may be due to a protective effect of the female sex hormone estrogen. Females have shown an ability to mount a stronger immune response to a variety of viral infections because of more robust humoral and cellular immune responses. Objectives: We sought to determine whether COVID-19 positivity increases in women entering menopause. We also aimed to identify whether premenopausal women taking exogenous hormones in the form of the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) and post-menopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have lower predicted rates of COVID-19, using our published symptom-based model. Design: The COVID Symptom Study developed by Kings College London and Zoe Global Limited was launched in the UK on 24th March 2020. It captured self-reported information related to COVID-19 symptoms. Data used for this study included records collected between 7th May - 15th June 2020. Main outcome measures: We investigated links between COVID-19 rates and 1) menopausal status, 2) COCP use and 3) HRT use, using symptom-based predicted COVID-19, tested COVID-19, and disease severity based on requirement for hospital attendance or respiratory support. Participants: Female users of the COVID Symptom Tracker Application in the UK, including 152,637 women for menopause status, 295,689 for COCP use, and 151,193 for HRT use. Analyses were adjusted for age, smoking and BMI. Results: Post-menopausal women aged 40-60 years had a higher rate of predicted COVID (P=0.003) and a corresponding range of symptoms, with consistent, but not significant trends observed for tested COVID-19 and disease severity. Women aged 18-45 years taking COCP had a significantly lower predicted COVID-19 (P=8.03E-05), with a reduction in hospital attendance (P=0.023). Post-menopausal women using HRT or hormonal therapies did not exhibit consistent associations, including increased rates of predicted COVID-19 (P=2.22E-05) for HRT users alone. Conclusions: Our findings support a protective effect of estrogen on COVID-19, based on positive association between predicted COVID-19 and menopausal status, and a negative association with COCP use. HRT use was positively associated with COVID-19 symptoms; however, the results should be considered with caution due to lack of data on HRT type, route of administration, duration of treatment, and potential comorbidities. Trial registration: The App Ethics has been approved by KCL ethics Committee REMAS ID 18210, review reference LRS-19/20-18210

Reversal of adverse effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on bone turnover in pre- and post-menopausal women with zoledronic acid

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 556-556
Author(s):  
R. Aft ◽  
M. Naughton ◽  
K. Trinkuas ◽  
M. Watson ◽  
K. Weilbaecher
Keyword(s):  
Zoledronic Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Bone Turnover Markers ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Turnover Markers ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
The Impact

556 Background: Ovarian failure secondary to adjuvant chemotherapy is known to have an adverse effect on bone mineral density and to increase bone turnover markers. The effects of chemotherapy with growth factor support in the absence of hormonal changes have not been described. The impact of zoledronic acid on these changes was also explored. Methods: We evaluated bone turnover markers in 82 women undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for localized stage II/III breast cancer at initial diagnosis prior to treatment and after 4 cycles of epirubicin (75mg/m2)-docetaxel (75mg/m2) with pegylated G-CSF support with or without zoledronic acid. 47% of patients were post-menopausal and all groups were balanced for other variables. Women were randomized to receive zoledronic acid 4 mg IV every 3 weeks concurrently with chemotherapy (n=41) versus no bisphosphonate treatment (n=41). Bone turnover markers included: urinary N-telopeptide (NTx), serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP)and osteocalcin (OSTEO). Results: Women, regardless of menopausal status, who received no bisphosphonate had statistically significant increases in NTx, from baseline after 3 months of neoadjuvant chemotherapy using multivariable mixed repeated measures (p=0.0213). Women who received zoledronic acid concurrently with neoadjuvant chemotherapy had statistically significant decreases in NTx (p<0.0001), BAP (p<0.0001) and OSTEO (p=0.0295) from baseline. This is the first demonstration that anthracycline-taxane chemotherapy with growth factor support increased bone turnover markers in both post-menopausal and pre-menopausal women independent of hormone therapy, radiation therapy and surgery. Conclusions: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with anthracycline- taxane and growth factor support increased bone resorption markers in both post-menopausal and pre-menopausal women. Zoledronic acid given concurrently with each cycle of chemotherapy reversed this increase in bone turnover markers. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Comparison of Visual Function and Ocular Hemodynamics between Pre- and Post-Menopausal Women

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Siesky ◽  
A. Harris ◽  
C. Patel ◽  
C.L. Klaas ◽  
M. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ocular Hemodynamics

Purpose The incidence of eye disease increases with age and can often be linked to worsening cardiovascular function and increasing intraocular pressure. Estrogen is known to have vasodilatory effects in the systemic circulation. Decreased estrogen levels during menopause may therefore complicate or contribute to ocular pathologies as estrogen receptors are found in both retinal and choroidal tissue. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of menopause on visual function and cardiovascular and ocular hemodynamics. Methods Twelve premenopausal and 24 postmenopausal women were evaluated at the Indiana University School of Medicine during a single study visit. Vision screening and ocular blood flow evaluations were performed, including blood pressure, heart rate, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, intraocular pressure, and retinal capillary and retrobulbar blood flow imaging. Vision and ocular hemodynamics were compared using unpaired Student t-tests with pp<0.05 regarded as statistically significant. Results The premenopausal group had significantly lower heart rate (-16.1 b/m, p=0.0001) and systolic blood pressure (-17.7 mmHg, p=0.003) than postmenopausal subjects. Contrast sensitivity was significantly higher (measured in log units) in premenopausal women in both the right (0.25, p=0.039; 0.16, p=0.039) and left (0.45, p=0.001; 0.27, p=0.032) eyes at 9 and 18 cycles per degree, respectively. Premenopausal women also had significantly lower intraocular pressure in both the right (-2.19 mmHg, p=0.024) and left (-1.74 mmHg, p=0.035) eyes. Total ocular perfusion was not significantly different between groups. Conclusions This pilot work suggests that postmenopausal women have lower contrast sensitivity detection and elevated intraocular pressures compared to premenopausal women. Premenopausal women have lower cardiovascular risk factors, while total ocular circulation was similar to post-menopausal women.

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