scholarly journals A Glimpse into the World of High Capacity Givers: Experimental Evidence from a University Capital Campaign

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tova Levin ◽  
Steven Levitt ◽  
John List
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Capital Campaign ◽  
The World

Experience-based effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 203-240
Author(s):  
Rui P. Chaves ◽  
Michael T. Putnam
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Situation Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Action ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Processing Difficulty

This chapter presents experimental evidence suggesting that the acceptability of certain island violations is contingent on the prior experience that speakers have with both main situation type described by the proposition itself, and the particular syntactic construction in which it is conveyed. Highly coherent and prototypical complex structures more easily lend themselves to licensing extraction from otherwise deeply embedded positions, and comprehenders can adapt to the frequency of the input in order to overcome the processing difficulty caused when the input is unusual and inconsistent with their prior experience. Acceptability ratings thus range from highly acceptable to unacceptable, suggesting that the plausibility of the proposition itself, the degree to which the extracted phrase plays a role in the main action, and the frequency of such dependencies create a malleable acceptability cline. Acceptability differences likely stem from the proposition itself, the world knowledge it evokes, and the degree to which the extracted relevant matters for the main state-of-affairs that the utterance conveys.

Partisan Motives and Consideration of Compromise

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-102
Author(s):  
Jennifer Wolak
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Party Polarization ◽  
Democratic Principle ◽  
The World

In a time of party polarization, citizens increasingly see the world in partisan terms. The animosities people feel for the opposing partisan side could threaten the prospects for compromise. This chapter considers degree to which partisan biases prevail over principled thinking when it comes to supporting compromise in politics. With experimental evidence and a set of surveys that span three presidential administrations, partisans are shown to be enthusiastic about the principle of compromise in politics, and are willing to call on their own party to nominate candidates who are willing to make compromises. Yet partisan thinking leaves its mark, as people are more likely to demand compromise from the opposing side than to call on their own party to do the same. People call for compromise among their own ranks as a result of their moderate preferences, while they think their opponents should make concessions as a matter of democratic principle.

A usage-based account of subextraction effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-750
Author(s):  
Rui P. Chaves ◽  
Adriana King
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Verb

Abstract The idea that conventionalized general knowledge – sometimes referred to as a frame – guides the perception and interpretation of the world around us has long permeated various branches of cognitive science, including psychology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence. In this paper we provide experimental evidence suggesting that frames also play a role in explaining certain long-distance dependency phenomena, as originally proposed by Deane (1991). We focus on a constraint that restricts the extraction of an NP from another NP, called subextraction, which Deane (1991) claims is ultimately a framing effect. In Experiment 1 we provide evidence showing that referents are extractable to the degree that they are deemed important for the proposition expressed by the utterance. This suggests that the world knowledge that the main verb evokes plays a key role in establishing which referents are extractable. In Experiment 2 we offer evidence suggesting that the acceptability of deep subextractions is correlated with the overall plausibility of the proposition, suggesting that complex structures can evoke complex frames as well, if sufficiently frequent and semantically coherent, and therefore more easily license deeper subextractions.

Iron-Coated Sponge as Effective Media to Remove Arsenic from Drinking Water

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien Vinh Nguyen ◽  
Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran ◽  
Huu Hao Ngo ◽  
Damodar Pokhrel ◽  
Thiruvenkatachari Viraraghavan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Effective Media ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
New Material ◽  
Dynamic Filter

Abstract Arsenic (As) contamination in drinking water is a serious problem in a number of countries in the world, especially in small communities and developing countries. Arsenic is related to many health diseases. Several technologies such as coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange and membrane processes, etc., are used in removing arsenic from water. In this study, a new material, namely iron-coated sponge (IOCSp), was developed and used to remove As, and it was found that IOCSp has a high capacity for removing both As(V) and As(III). Each gram of IOCSp adsorbed about 160 µg of As upon a 9-h contact of IOCSp with As solution. A dynamic filter column conducted showed that even a small quantity of IOCSp (8 g) could reduce As from 156 µg/L to a concentration of less than 50 µg/L while treating 75 L of groundwater contaminated with arsenic. Both the filtration rate and the size of the sponge had an effect on effluent quality, and the amount of water treated to the acceptable quality.

Clamshell Unloader Reeving Systems

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 766-772
Author(s):  
S. M. Coulter ◽  
E. A. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come

Recent increases in bulk material tonnage being transported throughout the world are requiring the planning of many new ship and barge unloading installations, as well as the renovation and updating of a number of existing facilities. For many years, the clamshell unloader has been the heart of the typical unloading facility, and in spite of new unloading techniques, it will continue to play a major role in years to come. Since today’s high performance, high capacity unloader can represent an investment of several million dollars, it is important that the operation of this machine be well understood and appreciated by all those involved. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the various types of reeving systems that are available, their major advantages and limitations, and the features that are essential to any system to insure smooth and trouble free operation.

In Reply: Ricelyte Advertising

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-660
Author(s):  
G. L. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
New Product ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

When any new product is introduced to the market it is extremely important to evaluate all the experimental evidence needed to support the claims. In this regard, we take strong exception to the comments of Dr J. Tulloch who is concerned that a recent advertisement run in Pediatrics for Mead Johnson's newly introduced product, Ricelyte, is misleading. After more than 4 years of research and development, stimulated in part by the extensive efforts of the World Health Organization Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programs (CDD), the Mead Johnson Research Center successfully produced from rice flour, a refined, highly specific glucose polysaccharide, "rice syrup solids."

Arsenic removal by iron oxide coated sponge: treatment and waste management

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1489-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien Vinh Nguyen ◽  
Abdur Rahman ◽  
Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran ◽  
Huu Hao Ngo ◽  
Jaya Kandasamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Community Water ◽  
The World ◽  
New Material ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Better Than

One of the problems in drinking water that raises concern over the world is that millions of people still have to use arsenic-contaminated water. There is a worldwide need to develop appropriate technologies to remove arsenic from water for household and community water supply systems. In this study, a new material namely iron oxide coated sponge (IOCSp) was developed and used to remove arsenic (As) from contaminated groundwater in Vietnam. The results indicated that IOCSp has a high capacity in removing both As (V) and As (III). The adsorption capacity of IOCSp was up to 4.6 mg As/g IOCSp, showing better than many other materials. It was observed from a pilot study that a small quantity of IOCSp (180 g) could reduce As concentration of 480 μg/L in 1.5 m3 of contaminated natural water to below 40 μg/L. In addition, an exhausted IOCSp, containing a large amount of arsenic (up to 0.42 wt %) could safely be disposed through the solidification/stabilization with cement. Addition of fly ash also reduced the amount of arsenic in the leachate.

scholarly journals A no-go theorem for theories that decohere to quantum mechanics

2018 ◽  
Vol 474 (2214) ◽  
pp. 20170732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciarán M. Lee ◽  
John H. Selby
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Fundamental Theory ◽  
Classical Physics ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Physical Principles ◽  
Effective Description

To date, there has been no experimental evidence that invalidates quantum theory. Yet it may only be an effective description of the world, in the same way that classical physics is an effective description of the quantum world. We ask whether there exists an operationally defined theory superseding quantum theory, but which reduces to it via a decoherence-like mechanism. We prove that no such post-quantum theory exists if it is demanded that it satisfy two natural physical principles: causality and purification . Causality formalizes the statement that information propagates from present to future, and purification that each state of incomplete information arises in an essentially unique way due to lack of information about an environment. Hence, our result can be viewed either as evidence that the fundamental theory of Nature is quantum or as showing in a rigorous manner that any post-quantum theory must abandon causality, purification or both.

scholarly journals The Need for Negativity

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-266
Author(s):  
Stephen Braude
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Present Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Errors And Confusions ◽  
Shed Light

Several of my recent Editorials have dealt with terminological/conceptual errors and confusions that have been all too prevalent among psi researchers. In this Editorial, I want to consider a related issue often raised about parapsychological concepts and explanation. Probably we’ve all heard the complaint that parapsychology’s core concepts have only been defined negatively, with respect to our present level of ignorance—for example, taking “telepathy” to be “the causal influence of one mind on another independently of the known senses.” Perhaps some of you have even expressed that complaint yourselves. Of course, the assumption underlying those complaints is that this definitional strategy is a problem. However, it seems like a perfectly reasonable procedure to me, and I can easily accept the possibility that we might eventually learn enough about phenomena so defined that we can later construct better, detailed, and more informative analytical definitions. But at least as far as psi research is concerned, I consider it presumptuous—at our present (and considerable) level of ignorance—to proceed any other way. We hardly have the barest hint, based on all the available data, as to what psi is doing in the world (i.e., both inside and outside the lab). In fact, formal, experimental evidence has been particularly unilluminating. It has barely succeeded, if it’s succeeded at all, in convincing parapsychological fence-sitters that there are any genuine paranormal phenomena to study (I’ve explored some reasons for this in Braude, 1997). And it certainly hasn’t shed light on how pervasive, extensive, and refined psi effects might be, or whether effects of radically different magnitudes would be the result of substantially different processes. At best, typical quantitative research examines only straitjacketed expressions of phenomena that non-laboratory evidence suggests occur more impressively (if not flamboyantly) “in the wild.” So it strikes me as appropriately modest and circumspect to define “PK” (for example) as “the effect of an organism on a region r of the physical world without any known sort of physical interaction between the organism's body and r.” (For additional specific parapsychological definitions, see Braude, 2002).

scholarly journals The profile of abstract rule learning in infancy: Meta-analytic and experimental evidence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Rabagliati ◽  
Brock Ferguson ◽  
Casey Lew-Williams
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Rule Learning ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
Parsimonious Explanation ◽  
The World ◽  
Abstract Rule ◽  
Meaningful Stimuli

Everyone agrees that infants possess general mechanisms for learning about the world, but the existence and operation of more specialized mechanisms is controversial. One mechanism – rule learning – has been proposed as potentially specific to speech, based on findings that 7-month-olds can learn abstract repetition rules from spoken syllables (e.g., ABB patterns: wo-fe-fe, ga-tu-tu...) but not from closely matched stimuli, such as tones. Subsequent work has shown that learning of abstract patterns is not simply specific to speech. However, we still lack a parsimonious explanation to tie together the diverse, messy, and occasionally contradictory findings in that literature. We took two routes to creating a new profile of rule learning: meta-analysis of 20 prior reports on infants’ learning of abstract repetition rules (including 1,318 infants in 63 experiments total), and an experiment on learning of such rules from a natural, non-speech communicative signal. These complementary approaches revealed that infants were most likely to learn abstract patterns from meaningful stimuli. We argue that the ability to detect and generalize simple patterns supports learning across domains in infancy but chiefly when the signal is meaningfully relevant to infants’ experience with sounds, objects, language, and people.

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