scholarly journals The Gender Gap Cracks Under Pressure: A Detailed Look at Male and Female Performance Differences During Competitions

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cotton ◽  
Frank McIntyre ◽  
Joseph Price
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Female Performance

Social factors influencing female swimming performance

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Physiological Constraints ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
World Records

The differences between male and female performance in free style swimming events are compared. It is found that the differences between male and female performance, as measured by world records, is declining in all events and declining most rapidly in those events in which the differences at the present time are largest. Analysis of national records for these events shows important differences between different countries in average male/female differentials.A different set of physical and physiological constraints operate on swimming compared to track performance, but they would seem to be less important in influencing male/female differences. Social factors also seem to be less important in swimming than in track athletics in perpetuating performance differences but are nevertheless still operative.

Longitudinal analyses of Olympic athletics and swimming events find no gender gap in performance improvement

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Stephanie Ann Kovalchik ◽  
Ray Stefani
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gold Medal ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Female Competition ◽  
Longitudinal Analyses ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Performance

AbstractGender gaps in absolute performance at the Olympics are well-established, while gender differences in relative performance have not been considered. We analyzed time trends in male and female performance improvement for medal results in all individual athletics and swimming events in Olympic years with male and female competition. Performance improvement was defined as the percentage change in performance over the gold-medal result of the previous Olympic year. In mixed effects models that accounted for the effects of the order of finish, event, and year, we found a non-significant average difference in performance improvement of <0.5% for events in running, jumping, throwing, and swimming. Since the mid-twentieth century, the record at the Summer Games shows that gains in the performance of female Olympic medalists have kept pace with men.

scholarly journals KESADARAN GENDER YANG ISLAMI

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Nurdeni Dahri
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Biological Differences

Biological differences between men and women have in the implementation of social and cultural life. There has been a gender gap due to the multiplicity of interpretations of the notion of gender itself. In-depth research is needed to determine the cause of the gap, let alone Islam declared the doctrine that leads to gender bias. Based on the discussion in this paper is declared Gender division of roles and responsibilities between women and men as a result of socio-cultural construction of society, which can be changed according to the demands of the changing times. While sex (gender: male and female) are not changed and the nature of God. In the teachings of Islam there is no difference between women and men in all its aspects, distinguishing only charity and piety

scholarly journals GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION: THE CASE OF EASTERN & SOUTH-EASTERN REGIONS OF AFGHANISTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 202-211
Author(s):  
Najibullah Totakhiel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Teacher Gender ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
World Economic

This research aims to find the size of the gender gap in education in the ten provinces of the Eastern Region (ER) and the South-Eastern Region (SER) of Afghanistan. Based on the World Economic Forum (WEF) approach to the gender gap, the study measures the educational gender gap index (EGGI) at both the regional and provincial level. The study found that the regional EGGI is 0.30. This means that 70% of the gender gap remains. The EGGI in the ER is 0.35, while in the SER it is 0.25, which means that 65% and 75% of the gender gap remains in the ER and the SER respectively. Thus, the gap is smaller in the ER than in the SER. At the provincial level, the best performing province is Nangarhar, where 42% of the gap has been closed. The worst performing province is Wardak, where only 15% of the gap has been closed. Of the six sub-indexes of the EGGI which were calculated from the primary data, the largest gender disparity is in the enrolment in tertiary level education, which has a gap of 69%. The second largest gap is 55% for the number of male and female schools. Both middle school enrolment and teacher gender ratio have similar sized gaps of 53%. The gaps for enrolment in primary education and secondary education are lower, at 30% and 43% respectively. The gap between the male and female student-teacher ratios is 73.6%. Furthermore, there is a 67.7% gap in literacy rate between males and females across the country.

scholarly journals Gender Discourses as a ‘Technology of Power’ in Nepalese Primary Level Textbooks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Pragya Paneru
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Primary Level ◽  
Gender Binary ◽  
Nutritional Health ◽  
And Gender

 The Gender gap is one of the most prominent problems in the context of Nepal. Even if Nepal constitution promotes gender equality and equity, there is still a huge gap between male and female. Women lag in literary percentage, nutritional health conditions, ownership, and employment opportunities. One of the obstacles in the path of gender equality is our systemic education materials especially our textbooks which reinforce the stereotypical concept of male and female through textbook representations. Researchers have shown that gender stereotypes have been seen in the textbooks of highly developed countries like America, Australia, and Hongkong. In this context, all the compulsory textbooks of grade four and five prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre in the context of Nepal were observed. In all the books, stereotypical representations of male and female characters were found. Most of the men and women were presented doing conventional gender roles, and male-centered themes are found in the narratives. This research claims that when conventional attitude regarding gender is transferred to young children, it ultimately reproduces similar gendered personalities and helps to maintain the gender gap. This research uses the concept of ‘technology of power’ by Foucault to interpret gender representations in textbooks. A Ccritical Discourse Analysis has been used to analyze the data from textbooks. The findings suggest that there are biased gender representations suggesting stereotypes and gender binary which could potentially affect the learners both male and female as it fosters false knowledge regarding gender and overburdens the male whereas humiliates the females.

Persistence Despite Change: The Academic Gender Gap in Australian Law Schools

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Angela Melville ◽  
Amy Barrow
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Research Productivity ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Academic Qualifications

Prior research has shown that while women have entered the legal profession in increasing numbers, the profession continues to privilege the norms, beliefs, and cultural practices of men. However, one aspect of the legal profession that has largely been overlooked, especially in Australia, is legal academia. This oversight is significant as legal academia provides the gateway into the legal profession. Women now make up approximately half of universities’ academic staff, are increasingly completing doctorate qualifications, and are moving into senior positions within academia. On the surface, these changes may suggest that women are now fully integrated into academia and that the academic gender gap has now resolved. We argue, however, that numerical inclusion does not necessarily challenge the male normative structures that underlie legal academia. This article draws on analysis of the biographies of seven hundred legal academics in Australian law schools and investigates differences between male and female legal academics in terms of level of appointment, academic qualifications and professional experience, research productivity, research interests, and mobility. It shows that while the gender gap has closed in some areas, the feminization of legal academia is a myth and female academics continue to face gendered barriers.

Social influences on female athletic performance

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
World Record ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
World Records

The differences between male and female performance in athletic track events at which both compete are compared. It is found that the difference between male and female performance as measured by world records is declining in all events and declining most rapidly in those events in which the differences at the present time are largest. Analysis of national track records for these same events shows considerable differences between different countries in average male/female differentials and the differences between males and females for some events in some countries is much smaller than world record differences.It is concluded that social factors such as differing degrees of encouragement and differing levels of expectation are important factors in limiting female athletic performance.

scholarly journals On The Same Page? Support for Gender Quotas among Indonesian Lawmakers

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella S. Prihatini
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Positive Discrimination ◽  
Notable Increase

As a strategy to improve women’s share in Indonesian parliament, gender quotas were introduced in 2002 and first implemented in the 2004 elections. Despite vast research on the influence of gender quotas in nominating women into parliament, little is known about male and female politicians’ acceptance and perception of gender quotas. This paper seeks to explore how distinct are male and female MPs in perceiving gender quotas and in explaining the roots of women’s political under-representation. Using a questionnaire involving 104 representatives (54 male and 50 female), the study suggests a significant gender gap occurs not only in perceptions related to quotas’ positive-discrimination legitimacy and efficiency but also in explanations that hinder women’s electoral success and which strategies might work best in overcoming the disparity. These distinctions matter because they offer insights as to the dynamics explaining why gender quotas are not resulting in a notable increase in women’ parliamentary representation.

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