scholarly journals Minority Self-Employment in the United States and the Impact of Affirmative Action Programs

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blanchflower
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Impact

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MOTIVATION AND ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONALITY: CHINESE AND AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 187-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT PLANT ◽  
JEN REN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Family History ◽  
Family Background ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Programs ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intent ◽  
History Of ◽  
Preference Inventory ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we compare the intentionality of students in graduate business programs in the United States and China toward becoming entrepreneurs. We utilize Amabile's Work Preference Inventory (WPI) to examine the motivational dimension of entrepreneurial intentionality and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to compare the impact of gender and family history of self-employment on employment intentionality. Our results suggest there is a positive relationship with entrepreneurial intent in both the intrinsic challenge characteristic and extrinsic compensation characteristic. Results also suggest the intrinsic enjoyment characteristic and extrinsic outward characteristic are negatively correlated to self-employment. In addition, the study found that males in China exhibited a significantly greater intentionality toward self-employment than females did. We also found that entrepreneurial intentionality is stronger in the U.S. study group than in the China group for those with prior self-employment experience, as well as when they have a background that includes a family history of self-employment. However, when there is no family background of self-employment, the Chinese show greater intentionality to become self-employed than the group located in the United States.

Bankruptcy Regulation and Self-Employment Entry: The Moderating Roles of Income Share, Parenthood, and Hybrid Entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
pp. 104225872110268
Author(s):  
Matthias Schulz ◽  
Christian Schwens ◽  
Christian Fisch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Income Share ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diminishing Sensitivity

We investigate how individual factors moderate the impact of bankruptcy exemption levels—that is, the amount of wealth individuals can keep in case of bankruptcy—on entry into self-employment. Conceptually, we combine Prospect Theory’s axiom of diminishing sensitivity with insights from research on entrepreneurial failure. We hypothesize that individuals who face higher financial, social, or psychological costs because of bankruptcy will be less sensitive to higher exemption levels than will those who face lower costs across these dimensions. Our empirical results, which are based on a quasi-natural experiment in the United States, support our theoretical predictions.

Affirmative Action and Education in Fiji: Legitimation, Contestation, and Colonial Discourse

2001 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen White
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Colonial Discourse ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Past Injustices ◽  
Lower Educational Attainment

In this article, Carmen M. White analyzes the debate about affirmative action policies in education in Fiji and explores the impact of colonial discourses on the debates. She asserts that, much like in the United States, affirmative action policies in Fiji have been intended to correct past injustices to minority and underprivileged groups. She shows how proponents of affirmative action use a colonial discourse that undercuts the power of their argument and yet paradoxically fails to acknowledge the historical roots of the lower educational attainment of the Fijian population. In considering similarities of debate on this issue between the United States and Fiji, White offers an additional perspective from which to understand the affirmative action debate. (pp. 240–268)

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