scholarly journals Green Tea (EGCG) Decreases Malondialdehide in Oxidative Stress Exposure to Psychological Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 751-755
Author(s):  
M. Dodi F Priaminda ◽  
Bambang Wirjatmadi ◽  
Bambang Purwanto ◽  
Merryana Adriani
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Control Group ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Keywords Oxidative Stress ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Post Hoc

Exposure to psychological stress can cause oxidative stress. Provision of exogenous antioxidants is expected to reduce the occurrence of oxidative stress. Green tea with its active ingredient Epigalocatechin Galat is considered to reduce the occurrence of oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to examine the administration of green tea (EGCG) on the effect decreasing MDA levels against Wistar Strain (Rattus norvegicus) white rats exposed to psychological stress; with Randomized Post Test design of only group design by grouping into 5 groups, with control group and treatment group. Administration of steeping green tea (EGCG) with a single dose. To find out the significant influence of the independent variable on a set of variable group tested Manova. Post hoc testing using LSD (Least Significance Different) was performed to see significant differences between groups. In this study, obtained MDA data with significant decrease at the 6th hours after consum EGCG. Keywords: oxidative stress; green tea, EGCG, malondialdehide

scholarly journals Manfaat pemberian tepung daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) terhadap kadar IL-6 dan kolesterol LDL tikus Sprague Dawley dislipidemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Welresna Juliatri Putri Rupiasa ◽  
Siti Fatimah-Muis ◽  
Ahmad Syauqy ◽  
Kusmiyati Tjahjono ◽  
Gemala Anjani
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
Post Hoc

Dyslipidemia condition causes oxidative stress that triggers inflammation. Moringa leaves are rich in fiber and antioxidants that can prevent oxidative stress and reduce inflammation. This study aimed to see, measure, and analyze the effect of Moringa flour supplementation on IL-6 and LDL levels of dyslipidemic Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The type of study was true-experiment with randomized pre-post. Test with control. Group design. Intervention for 28 days in 4 groups of SD rats (n= 24); a consisting group of healthy rats (K-), dyslipidemic rats (K+), dyslipidemic rats respectively given 0.1g/100g BW moringa flour (P1), and 0.2 g/100g BW moringa flour (P2). ELISA and CHOD-PAP methods measured IL-6 and LDL levels. Statistical analysis used Paired t-test, One-way Anova, and Post Hoc Bonferroni. The results showed a significant decrease in IL-6 and LDL levels in the intervention group compared to the non-intervention group (p= 0,000). The reduction of IL-6 levels in the P2 group was greater than that in the P1 group but not significant. The decrease. in LDL levels in the P2 group was significantly higher than in the P1 group. It is attributed to the fiber and antioxidant content in Moringa. Fiber that can bind cholesterol and bile acids, antioxidants can regulate fat metabolism, capture free radicals and prevent oxidative stress. In conclusion, Moringa flour supplementation improved lipid profiles and inflammation compared to rats with only standard and high-fat diets

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SAUROPUS ANDROGYNUS (L). MERR (KATUK) TERHADAP KADAR HORMON PROLAKTIN PADA TIKUS PUTIH (WISTAR ALBINO MENYUSUI)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Sari Ida Miharti ◽  
Fadil Oenzil ◽  
Iskandar Syarif
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Level ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Good Nutrition ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Prolactin Hormone

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p align="center"> </p><p>That katuk leaf (Sauropus androgynus (L). Merr) has good nutrition and is able to increase breastmilk production. The study of the effect of katuk leaf ethanol extract administration on prolactin hormone level in the breastfeeding white rats. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of katuk leaf ethanol extract administration on prolactin hormone level and oxytocin hormone level in the breastfeeding white rats.</p><p> </p><p>The type of the research is experimental with Post-Test Only Control Group design. The sample size consisted of 24 breastfeeding white rats which are divided into 4 groups, i.e. one control group and three treated groups (P1, P2 and P3), each given 24 mg, 48 mg and 72 mg katuk leaf ethanol extract. The research was conducted at Pharmacy Laboratory and Biomedical Laboratory of University of Andalas, Padang. The prolactin hormone levels are measured by using the ELISA method, the statistical test used One Way ANOVA test and continued with Multifer Comparisons (post hoc test) Bonferroni-type test.</p><p> </p><p>The results showed a significant difference  of the hormone prolactin levels between the control group (13,679 ± 2.061 ng/L) value (p &lt;0.05) and the P3 group (17.509 ± 2.515 ng/L), as well as P1 group (13.816 ± 1.665 ng/L) and P3 group (17.509 ± 2.515 ng/L) in 24 mg and 72 mg of dose.</p><p> </p><p>In conclusion, there was a significant increase in prolactin levels after the administration of katuk leaves extract (Sauropus androgynus (L). Merr) in white rats.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Katuk Leaf, Prolaktin,</p><p> </p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Daun katuk (<em>Sauropus androgynus</em> (<em>L</em>) <em>Merr</em>) memiliki gizi yang baik dan dapat memperlancar air susu. Penelitian pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol daun katuk terhadap hormon prolaktin pada tikus putih. Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol daun katuk terhadap hormon prolaktin dan hormon oksitosin pada tikus putih meyusui.</p><p><strong>            </strong></p><p>Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan <em>desain Post-Tes Only Control Group</em>. Jumlah sampel 24 tikus menyusui yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol dan 3 kelompok perlakukan P1, P2 dan P3 yang masing–masing diberi 24 mg, 48 mg dan 72 mg ekstrak etanol daun katuk. Penelitian dilakukan di Labor Farmasi dan Biomedik Universitas Andalas. Hormon prolaktin diukur dengan mengunakan metode ELISA uji statistik mengunakan uji <em>One Way </em>ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji <em>Multiple Comparisons</em> (<em>post hoc test</em>) jenis <em>Bonferroni</em>.</p><p> </p><p>Hasil penelitian ini menunjukakan terdapat perbedaan kadar hormon prolaktin antara kelompok kontrol (13,679±2,061ng/L) nilai (p&lt;0,05) dengan kelompok P3 (17,509±2,515 ng/L) dan kelompok P1(13,816±1,665 ng/L) dengan kelompok P3 (17,509±2,515 ng/L) dengan dosis 24 mg dan 72 mg.</p><p>            Kesimpulan, terdapat peningkatan signifikan pada kadar hormon prolaktin setelah pemberian ekstrak etanol daun katuk (<em>Sauropus androgynus</em> (<em>L</em>) <em>Merr</em>) pada tikus putih menyusui</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>Kata kunci     : </strong>Daun Katuk, Prolaktin,</p>

scholarly journals The Effect of Medroxy Progesterone Acetate Hormone Administration to Endometrial Thickness of the Female Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Devi Yulita
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Endometrial Thickness ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gonadotropin Secretion ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Post Test

Many alternative contraceptives can be used as needed. The most effective type of contraception is injection contraception because it is relatively safe, effective, simple and inexpensive. Contraceptive users must be selective in choosing contraception because there is no method of contraception that is safe and effective for all acceptors. The side effects of Medroxy Progesterone Acetat injection include bleeding disorders such as amenorrhoea, weight gain, high blood pressure, acne, spotting. Medroxy Progesterone Acetat is a progestin contraceptive regimen that is often used and works long-term. The mechanism of action of Medroxy Progesterone Acetate injection is to inhibit gonadotropin secretion so that it will prevent the maturation of primary follicles in the ovary and also prevent ovulation and cause endometrial depletion.The research design is the post test only control group design. The population in this research  are the white rats species Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain. The samples are taken randomly from all populations that met the following sample criteria: Female rats, Aged 12-14 weeks, having a body weight of 150 - 200 grams.The results showed that Medroxy Progesterone Acetate hormone affects the thickness of the endometrium, and there is a difference in the histological picture of endometrial thickness due to the administration of the Medroxy Progesterone Acetate hormone and without the administration of the Medroxy Progesterone Acetate hormone

scholarly journals The Effect of Coffee on The Quantity of Spermatozoa of Diabetic Wistar Rats Inducted By Aloxan

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ahmad Alrizaldi ◽  
Riandini Aisyah ◽  
Safari Wahyu Jatmiko
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
White Rats ◽  
A Value ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Post Test

Hyperglycemia in people with diabetes mellitus causes oxidative stress which can interfere with the provision of nutrients through blood vessels to the tissues that form spermatozoa so that it interferes with the process of spermatogenesis in the testicular organs. Coffee contains caffeine and chlorogenic acid which functions as an antioxidant to improve spermatogenesis abnormalities which causes decreased number of normal spermatozoa. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of coffee in improving the number of spermatozoa of alloxan induced wistar white rats.. Methods this study uses Post-test only laboratory experimental research with control group design. Submitting 30 rats divided into 5 groups: normal control (given aquades), negative control (induced alloxan + aquades), setting 1 (induced alloxan + coffee 0.054 gram / 200 gramBB), aid 2 (alloxan induced + coffee 0.108 gram / 200 gramBB ) and treatment 3 (alloxan + coffee induced 0.162 gram / 200 gramBB). Provision of coffee carried out for 14 days, rats terminated on the 15th day. Testicles are taken then observed and counted spermatozoa. One-way ANOVA test results show the value of p = 0.000. In the LSD test between the normal control group (aquades) and negative control (diabetic rats without treatment) had a value of p = 0.042, whereas in the treatment group 1.2.3 with a negative control had a value of p = 0.000. Provision of coffee can increase the number of spermatozoa white wistar strain alloxan induced.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) Terhadap Cedera Tubulus Ginjal

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Farah Akhwanis Syifa ◽  
Rizka Adi Nugraha Putra ◽  
Andi Muhammad Maulana ◽  
Susiyadi Susiyadi
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tubular Injury ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental

According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA),the allowed level of Monosodium glutamate (MSG)consumption is 30 mg / kgbw per day. Several studies show that long-term MSG is toxic to the kidneys bycausingoxidative stress and decreasing thekidney function.This study was based on the potential for impaired kidneyfunction and structure caused by excessive consumption of MSG and basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) asantioxidant plants with flavonoid content. To find out the effect of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves’ ethanolextract dose 175 mg / kgbw, 350 mg / kgbw and 700 mg / kgbw against kidney tubular injury on white rats WistarStrain induced by MSG.This study was a quasi-experimental study with a randomized post-test only controlledgroup design. The number of samples was 25 ABM, divided into five groups, the positive control group (K+), thenegative control group (K-) and the treatment group (K1,K2 and K3).In the group given basil leaves ethanol extractdoses of 175, 350 and 700 mg / kgbw, there was a decrease in tubular injury in the kidney of the white rat (Rattusnorvegicus) Wistar strain induced by MSG 1.6 g/day orally. The optimal dose in this study was 700 mg / kgbw. Teststatistics indicated significant differences in all five groups (p < 0.05).The administration of ethanol extract of basilleaves (Ocimum basilicumL.) was able to prevent tubular injury in the kidney of the white rat (Rattus norvegicus)Wistar strain induced by MSG. Kadar konsumsi MSG yang diperbolehkan menurut Europian Food Safety Authority (EFSA) yaitu 30 mg/kgBB per hari. Beberapa studi pada hewan coba menunjukkan bahwa pemberian MSG jangka panjang bersifat toksik padaginjal dengan menyebabkan stress oksidatif dan menurunkan fungsi ginjal. Penggunaan tanaman yang mengandungantioksidan dapat meningkatkan mekanisme dalam tubuh untuk mencegah stres oksidatif. Penelitian ini didasarkanoleh potensi terjadinya gangguan fungsi dan struktur ginjal akibat stres oksidatif yang disebabkan oleh konsumsiMSG berlebih serta daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) sebagai tanaman antioksidan dengan kandunganflavonoid.Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) dosis 175,350 dan700 mg/kgBB terhadap cedera tubulus pada BBT ginjal tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) galur Wistar  yang diinduksiMSG.Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian quasi-experimental dengan rancangan randomized post test onlycontrolled group. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 25 BBT, terbagi menjadi lima kelompok, yaitu kontrol positif (K+),kontrol negatif (K-) dan kelompok perlakuan ekstrak daun kemangi (K1, K2 dan K3).Pada kelompok pemberianekstrak etanol daun kemangi terjadi penurunan cedera tubulus pada ginjal tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) galur Wistar  yang diinduksi MSG 1,6 g/hari secara oral.  Dosis optimal ekstrak etanol daun kemangi padapenelitian iniyaitu 700 mg/kgBB. Uji statistik menuunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan pada kelima kelompok (p<0,05). Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) dapat mencegah terjadinya cedera tubulus padaginjal tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) galur Wistar  yang diinduksi MSG.

scholarly journals Effect of salam leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum to decrease blood triglyceride white rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
ANDHIKA AJI NUGROHO ◽  
NUR HAFIDHA HIKMAYANI ◽  
SUTARMIADJI DJUMAGA
Keyword(s):  
Triglyceride Level ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Group I ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Post Hoc

Nugroho AA, Hikmayanti NH, Djumaga S. 2012. Effect of salam (Syzygium polyanthum) leaf extract to decrease blood triglyceride level on white rats. Biofarmasi 10: 40-45. This study aimed to determine the effect of bay [Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.] leaf extract to decrease the blood triglyceride level of white rats (Rattus norvegicus). This research was an laboratory experimental research with pre and post-test design with control group. This research used 30 Wistar white rats, with ±200 g body weight and the age of ±2 months, divided into 5 groups by a random sampling, six rats per group. Group I was a negative control, group II was a positive control, groups III, IV and V was treated with the bay leaf extract in the doses of I, II and III. All groups were fed of hyperkolemia, group II was treated by Gemfibrozil 20 mg/200 g BW/day, while groups III, IV and V were treated by the bay leaf extract with the doses of 0.18 g, 0.36 g and 0.72 g/200 g BW/day. The study was conducted for 35 days. On the 28th and 35th day, the blood of all rats was taken from orbital vein for blood triglyceride levels measured in pre-test and post-test. The data were statistically analyzed with One-Way ANOVA test and a post-hoc test. There were significant differences between pre-test and post-test in the levels of blood triglycerides of white rats (p<0.001), in which a post-hoc test results showed the comparison between negative control and Gemfibrozil was p<0.001, and the comparison between the groups of the bay leaf extract with Gemfibrozil was p>0.05, and the comparison of three doses of bay leaf extract was p>0.05. The provision of bay leaf extract could reduce the blood triglyceride levels of white rats significantly compared with the negative control, whereas the effects of three doses of bay leaf extract was comparable with the effects of Gemfibrozil.

TEACHING READING BY UTILIZING HOT POTATOES SOFTWARE TOWARD STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Abdullah Farih
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study is to measure whether there is or not significant effect of teaching reading by utilizing Hot Potatoes software toward students’ reading comprehension of descriptive text. The variables used were the teaching treatment of Hot Potatoes Software as the independent variable and the students’ reading comprehension of Descriptive Text as dependent variable. Then, the research designed was Quasi-experimental design and the presentation of data used was quantitative. The data were obtained from the eleventh grade, of which 28 students were taken as sample. The students are divided into two groups; experiment group consisted of 12 students and control group consists of 16 students. To get the data, the pre-test and post-test were applied and then analyzed using t-test formula. The researcher had concluded that there is Significant effect of Hot Potatoes Software toward the students’ reading comprehension achievement. The result showed that mean of students’ post-test was increased. It is proved by the t-test (8.54) which is higher than t-table (2.05) at level of significance 5%. It means that the alternative hypothesis was accepted and it proved that Hot Potatoes Software had significant effect toward students’ reading comprehension of Descriptive Text

scholarly journals The Effect of Logotherapy to Diabetes Mellitus Client’s Meaning of Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ah Yusuf ◽  
Rr. Dian Tristiana ◽  
Leni Anitasari ◽  
Ira Suarilah
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Wilcoxon Sign Rank ◽  
Sign Rank Test ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Purpose In Life Test

 Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that caused meaning of life disturbance. Logotherapy is an intervention that could affect people life perspective. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of logotherapy implementation to the meaning of life in diabetes mellitus client. This study used quasy-experimental pretest-post-test with control group. The dependent variable was meaning of life, and the independent variable was the implementation of logotherapy. Sample in this study was 30 respondents, were taken by using consecutive sampling. The meaning of life were taken by using Purpose in Life Test (PIL Test) then analyzed by using Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test and Mann Witney U statistic test, a= £0.05. The result showed logotherapy had significant effect on meaning of life in the treatment group (p=0,001). Statistical test Mann Whitney U Test showed that there was a difference meaning of life in control group and the treatment group after implementation of logotherapy. It could be concluded that the implementation of logotherapy has an effect to increasing the meaning of life in diabetes mellitus client. Further study was recommended to developing deeper study that related to logotherapy in diabetes mellitus client.

scholarly journals PENGARUH GELATIN IKAN PATIN (PANGASIUS DJAMBAL) TERHADAP JUMLAH FIBROBLAS PADA LUKA PASCA PENCABUTAN GIGI TIKUS PUTIH (RATTUS NORVEGICUS)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Fredy Mardiyantoro ◽  
Fidya Fidya ◽  
Dena Savira Andriani
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fish Gelatin ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin ◽  
Test Result

Background: Gelatin has been used as a hemostatic agent to stop bleeding and it can be absorbed by human body within 6 hours. The patin fish (Pangasius djambal) gelatin has a high amount of amino acid, especially glutamine which has an important role in increasing the proliferation of fibroblast in wounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of patin fish gelatin to the number of fibroblast in wound after tooth extraction.Method: Rat’s tooth extraction is done on the lower left incisive tooth. Thirty white rats were divided into two groups randomly with 3 time series. Control group was the rats without given of patin fish gelatin and treatment group was the rats given 1cc of patin fish gelatin with pipette. Socket taken for histologically processed by Hematoxylin Eosin staining.Result: It showed there were significant differences in the number of fibroblasts between groups. The Post Hoc Tukey test result showed there was a significant difference between the control group and the treatment group.Conclusion: Patin fish gelatin has effect increasing the number of fibroblast inwound after white rat’s (Rattus norvegicus) tooth extraction

scholarly journals The effect of vitamin C and E combination on sperm quality and cement 8-OHdG level of smoke exposed rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Eviana Budiartanti Sutanto ◽  
Taufiq R Nasihun ◽  
Israhnanto Isradji ◽  
Luciana Budiati Sutanto
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Normal Sperm ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Per Oral

Introduction: Cigarette smoke causes oxidative stress which results in reduced sperm concentration, motility and morphology, also increased levels of 8-OHdG as a marker of DNA damage. Vitamin C and E have potential role in repairing spermatozoa damages. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin C and E combination on sperm quality and cement 8-OHdG level of smoke exposed rats.Methods: This study used a post test only control group design among 18 male Wistar rats subject, aged 8 week, 150-200 grams body weight (BW). The subject was randomly divided into 3 groups, K1: control, K2: cigarettes smoke exposed, K3: cigarettes smoke exposed and given a combination of 0.045 mg/gBW vitamin C and 0.036 IU/gBW vitamin E per oral. Analysis was done on day 21 using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc LSD for sperm concentration, motility and morphology; using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests for cement 8- OHdG levels.Results: The lowest sperm concentration was found in   K2 (K2  32.59  million/mL,  K1 47.91 million/mL, K 339.43 million/mL); the lowest normal sperm motility was found in K2 (K 238.97%, K 164.57%, K3 51.43%); the lowest normal sperm morphology was found in K2 (K2 27.56%, K 138.36%, K 331.18%); and the highest cement 8- OHdG level was found in K2 (K2 20.18ng/mL, K1 3.43ng/mL, K3 5.28ng/mL).Conclusion: Combination of vitamin C and E can improve sperm concentration, motility and morphology and decrease cement 8-OHdG levels of smoke exposed rats.

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