scholarly journals Effects of two different broiler flooring systems on production performances, welfare, and environment under commercial production conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1108-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Li ◽  
X. Wen ◽  
R. Alphin ◽  
Z. Zhu ◽  
Z. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Production ◽  
Production Conditions

Powder Metallurgy Aluminum Alloys: Structure and Porosity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Judge ◽  
Georges Kipouros
Keyword(s):  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Aluminum Alloys ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Near Net Shape ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Production Conditions

The production of aluminum alloys through powder metallurgy (PM) processes allows for the manufacture of net- or near-net-shape components in a cost-effective and sustainable manner. The high reactivity of aluminum metal, however, complicates PM processing, and special attention must be given to certain steps during production, particularly sintering. PM processing conditions strongly affect the structure and porosity of aluminum PM alloys, which ultimately determine their material properties and performance. In this article, the fundamental aspects of the commercial production of aluminum PM alloys are presented, along with the effects of production conditions on the structure and porosity of aluminum PM alloys. The properties and performance of aluminum PM alloys are then analyzed and interpreted with respect to their structure and porosity.

scholarly journals Differences in fungal contamination of broiler litter between summer and winter fattening periods

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Mario Ostović ◽  
Ivica Ravić ◽  
Matija Kovačić ◽  
Anamaria Ekert Kabalin ◽  
Kristina Matković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Total Fungi ◽  
And Control ◽  
Production Conditions ◽  
Winter Fattening

Abstract This study aimed to compare fungal contamination of poultry litter between warm and cold seasons. It was carried out in commercial production conditions over two five-week fattening periods: one in the summer (July-August) and one in the winter (December-January). Broilers were reared on a litter composed of chopped straw and sawdust. Litter fungal concentration and composition were investigated weekly, along with litter temperature, moisture, and pH. Litter concentration of total fungi increased over both fattening periods, with no differences in median concentrations between them. Season also had no effect on yeast, Aspergillus section Nigri, and Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Rhizopus spp. concentrations, while the Aspergillus section Flavi and Aspergillus spp. combined showed higher concentrations in the summer, and Mucor and Penicillium spp. in the winter. Total fungal concentration highly correlated with litter temperature, moisture, and pH, regardless of the season. Our findings can be useful in the assessment and control of potential harmful effect of fungi on the health of poultry and poultry farm workers.

scholarly journals Iron Chelate Photodegradation in Fertilizer Solution Affects Foliar Iron and Manganese

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 445A-445
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Albano ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Iron Chelate ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Solution ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions ◽  
Production Conditions ◽  
Iron And Manganese

We have shown previously that Fe-chelates incorporated into soluble fertilizers are vulnerable to photodegradation, and that such solutions can cause modifications in root reductase activity. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of Fe-chelate photodegradation under commercial production conditions. Marigolds were grown in a greenhouse and transplanted stepwise from #200 plug trays to 804 packs to 11.4-cm (4.5-inch) pots. Plants were harvested at the end of each stage, and treatments consisted of either irradiated (complete loss of soluble Fe) or non-irradiated fertilizer solutions ranging from 100-400 mg/L N (0.5–2 mg/L Fe). In the plug and pack stages, foliar Fe was significantly lower and Mn significantly higher in plants treated with the irradiated than nonirradiated fertilizer solutions, averaging 97 μg·g–1 and 115 μg·g–1 Fe, and 217 μg·g–1 and 176 μg·g–1 Mn, respectively. Fe(III)-DTPA reductase activity of roots of plugs treated with the irradiated fertilizer solution was 1.4-times greater than for roots treated with the non-irradiated fertilizer solution. Leaf dry weight in the plug and pack stages was not affected by treatment, and averaged 0.1 g and 1.2 g per plant, respectively.

scholarly journals Rabbits behaviour under modern commercial production conditions – a review

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-376
Author(s):  
F. M. Marai ◽  
A. A. Rashwan
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Production ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Natural Behaviour ◽  
Double Mating ◽  
Maternal Instinct ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Prompt Attention ◽  
Production Conditions

Abstract. Recently, much work has been done to record the diurnal peak of does receptivity. It was found that the highest was in the morning and before allowing suckling. Such studies suggested that mating should be achieved in the morning or before suckling to avoid the negative effect of the circadian peak of prolactin on receptivity that occur around 15.00 to 19.00 h and after each suckling. Some cases of pseudo-pregnancy might be prevented by double mating; the second mating should be within at most five hours after the first, since mating later than this would have no effect. Total parturition time would be 10–14 minutes for a large litter and 5–7 minutes for an average litter, although parturition could be induced to allow prompt attention to does with poor maternal instinct and to those kindle for the first time kindling and to avoid situations such as: kindling at night or in cold weather and/or to avoid the variability in gestation periods (29 to 34 days). Mother-litter separation during night can influence species specific nursing behaviour and may lead to lower weaning weights of pups. Applying good management programs, as well as, change of place, gentle handling of the stressed dams, correcting nutritional deficiencies and inadequate drinking water and provision of adequate amount of straw, may well eliminate stress, correct behavioural disorders and certain types of maternal anomalies which appear to be not under the control of hormonal or genetic factors. Welfare for caged rabbits can be improved by feeding the animals in the afternoon rather than in the morning. Aggressive behaviour was greater in rabbits on nipple drinkers than in those on troughs. In conclusion, better understanding of rabbits natural behaviour under the different conditions, maintains optimal production compatible with welfare demands. Below, description of rabbits behaviour and its relation with modern commercial production conditions, were discussed.

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