Colonization of red raspberry flowers and fruit by Botrytis cinerea under commercial production conditions in northwestern Washington, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-348
Author(s):  
Olga Kozhar ◽  
Tobin L. Peever
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Production Conditions

Powder Metallurgy Aluminum Alloys: Structure and Porosity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Judge ◽  
Georges Kipouros
Keyword(s):  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Aluminum Alloys ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Near Net Shape ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Production Conditions

The production of aluminum alloys through powder metallurgy (PM) processes allows for the manufacture of net- or near-net-shape components in a cost-effective and sustainable manner. The high reactivity of aluminum metal, however, complicates PM processing, and special attention must be given to certain steps during production, particularly sintering. PM processing conditions strongly affect the structure and porosity of aluminum PM alloys, which ultimately determine their material properties and performance. In this article, the fundamental aspects of the commercial production of aluminum PM alloys are presented, along with the effects of production conditions on the structure and porosity of aluminum PM alloys. The properties and performance of aluminum PM alloys are then analyzed and interpreted with respect to their structure and porosity.

scholarly journals Resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Quality Characteristics during Storage of Raspberry Genotypes

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Harshman ◽  
Wayne M. Jurick ◽  
Kim S. Lewers ◽  
Shiow Y. Wang ◽  
Christopher S. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Weather Factors

Raspberries are a delicate, high-value crop with an extremely short shelf life exacerbated by postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is the most widely grown variety. Yellow (R. idaeus L.), black (R. occidentalis L.), and purple raspberries (R. ×neglectus Peck. or R. occidentalis ×idaeus hybrids) are available mainly at local markets and U-pick farms. To compare the postharvest quality of the raspberry color groups, pesticide-free fruit from cultivars and breeding selections of red, yellow, purple, and black raspberries were examined for oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), phenolics, anthocyanins, soluble solids, titratable acids, pH, color, firmness, decay and juice leakage rates, ethylene evolution, and respiration. There were significant correlations between decay rate and physiochemical properties. Both decay and leakage rates were correlated with weather conditions before harvest, but each color group responded differently to different weather factors. There were no correlations among changes in color, firmness, decay, or juice leakage rates. All the other color groups were less acidic than the familiar red raspberry. Yellow raspberries had the worst decay rates but the best leakage rates. Black and purple raspberries, with the highest phenolics and anthocyanins and the lowest ethylene evolution rates, resisted decay the longest but bled soonest.

scholarly journals How Does Botrytis cinerea Infect Red Raspberry?

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 1287-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Kozhar ◽  
T. L. Peever
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Inoculum Level

Botrytis cinerea, causal agent of gray mold, is one of the most important pathogens affecting raspberry in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and worldwide. Fungicides are currently applied to control the disease starting from 5 to 10% bloom and continuing on a calendar basis throughout the season rather than according to inoculum level or infection risk primarily because the disease cycle on red raspberry is poorly understood. Botrytis cinerea was isolated from raspberry flowers and fruit sampled at seven developmental stages during each of 2015 and 2016 in a northwestern Washington raspberry field untreated with fungicides. Incidence of colonization of flowers was low (15% of total sampled flowers), but increased as fruit developed, and peaked in mature fruit (67% of total sampled fruit). In the early stages of flower development, B. cinerea recovery was greatest from the carpel (80% of carpels colonized) compared with other floral organs. As fruit matured, additional floral parts were colonized by B. cinerea, possibly facilitating secondary internal or external infections of mature fruit. Average weekly minimum air temperature, average weekly night air temperature, cumulative rain, average weekly leaf wetness percentage, and duration of leaf wetness >90% were significantly positively correlated with B. cinerea colonization of raspberry in NW Washington during two seasons of this study. Our data does not support the hypothesis that the bloom period is the critical window for B. cinerea colonization of red raspberry and suggest that later colonization of developing fruit may be more important for gray mold development on raspberry. The outcomes of this research provide useful information for improvement of gray mold disease management strategies for red raspberry in NW Washington and elsewhere.

scholarly journals Differences in fungal contamination of broiler litter between summer and winter fattening periods

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Mario Ostović ◽  
Ivica Ravić ◽  
Matija Kovačić ◽  
Anamaria Ekert Kabalin ◽  
Kristina Matković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Total Fungi ◽  
And Control ◽  
Production Conditions ◽  
Winter Fattening

Abstract This study aimed to compare fungal contamination of poultry litter between warm and cold seasons. It was carried out in commercial production conditions over two five-week fattening periods: one in the summer (July-August) and one in the winter (December-January). Broilers were reared on a litter composed of chopped straw and sawdust. Litter fungal concentration and composition were investigated weekly, along with litter temperature, moisture, and pH. Litter concentration of total fungi increased over both fattening periods, with no differences in median concentrations between them. Season also had no effect on yeast, Aspergillus section Nigri, and Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Rhizopus spp. concentrations, while the Aspergillus section Flavi and Aspergillus spp. combined showed higher concentrations in the summer, and Mucor and Penicillium spp. in the winter. Total fungal concentration highly correlated with litter temperature, moisture, and pH, regardless of the season. Our findings can be useful in the assessment and control of potential harmful effect of fungi on the health of poultry and poultry farm workers.

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