scholarly journals Effect of γ-aminobutyric acid on digestive enzymes, absorption function, and immune function of intestinal mucosa in heat-stressed chicken

2014 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 2490-2500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Chen ◽  
J. Xie ◽  
B. Wang ◽  
J. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Absorption Function

Digestion and Digestive Enzymes in the Herring (Clupea harengus L.)

1935 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen I. Battle
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Acidic Condition ◽  
Pyloric Caeca ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Gastric Contents

Crustacean food is partially broken down and digested in the caecum of the stomach of the herring. It becomes more finely divided in the pyloric sac and consists of an oily chyme, intermingled with chitin, mucus and bacterial clumps in the pyloric caeca and intestine. The acidic condition of the gastric contents is probably instrumental in the reddening of chitinous food in the tract. Pepsin from the stomach and trypsin from the pyloric caeca increase in digestive power over a temperature range from 2.4 to 37.5 °C. The stomach secretes a protease (pepsin), a weak amylase, and possibly a weak lipase. The pyloric caeca secrete a strong protease (trypsin), a strong amylase, and a lipase rendered active by bile. The intestinal mucosa exhibits lipolytic and amylolytic ferments, while the bile has some amylolytic properties.

scholarly journals Duan-Nai-An, A Yeast Probiotic, Improves Intestinal Mucosa Integrity and Immune Function in Weaned Piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingpai Zhaxi ◽  
Xiaoqin Meng ◽  
Wenhui Wang ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
Zhuolin He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Weaned Piglets

scholarly journals LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES OF RAT INTESTINAL MUCOSA

1964 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lichu Hsu ◽  
A. L. Tappel
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Lysosomal Enzymes ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Enzyme Release ◽  
Centrifugal Forces ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Specific Activities

Six intracellular hydrolases known to be associated with lysosomes in rat liver were found in rat intestinal mucosa. The extent to which they were particulate-bound and the degree of enzyme release when the particulate fractions were suspended in hypotonic media followed the same pattern in both mucosa and liver. The specific activities of the mucosa enzymes were either comparable to or slightly smaller than those of the liver enzymes. These results suggest that the mucosa hydrolases belong to lysosome-like particles. However, differential fractionation of the mucosa indicated that the particles from the mucosa sediment at lower centrifugal forces than do those from the liver and are more heterogeneous in size, bearing a closer resemblance to kidney lysosomes. Possible physiological functions of particulate-bound digestive enzymes in intestinal mucosa are discussed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Chicken Spleen Transfer Factor on Intestinal Mucosa Immunity Barrier of Laying Hens

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu J ◽  
◽  
Ma B ◽  
Li J ◽  
Chen Y ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Transfer Factor ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Absorption Function ◽  
Chicken Spleen ◽  
Antioxidant Function ◽  
And Function

Chicken spleen Transfer Factor (TF) is a low-molecular-weight lymphocyte extract composed of polypeptide and nucleotide. However, its role in regulating intestinal structure and function in laying hens has remained largely unknown. 100 one-day-old laying hens were randomly divided into five groups and administered with different doses of TF (0.00 [control], 0.05mL, 0.10mL, 0.25mL and 1.00mL). The results showed that the high dose of TF (1.00mL) improved the intestinal mucosa morphology and strengthened the digestive and absorption function. Furthermore, the histology analysis revealed an increase in the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and goblet cells. Similarly, the results from ELISA demonstrated an increase in the content of IL-10 in the intestinal tract, while the content of TNF-a showed a decrease in this regard. The RT-PCR assay also demonstrated the upregulation of the relative mRNA expressions of Muc2, TLR-2, and TLR-4 genes. The intestinal antioxidant function was significantly enhanced. In conclusion, high-dose of TF can improve the intestinal mucosa morphology and structure, enhance digestion and absorption functions, enhance the intestinal mucosal barrier immune function and antioxidant function, and up-regulate Muc2, TLR-2 and TLR-4 gene relative expression.

scholarly journals Dehydration and Hemodynamic Changes as Causa Mortis Associated with Trichuris vulpis in a Dog

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Arantes da Silva ◽  
Igor Borges Oliveira ◽  
Thâmara Rossi Martins Da Silva ◽  
Andreia Vitor Couto do Amaral ◽  
Raphaella Barbosa Meirelles-Bartoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Villous Atrophy ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Hypovolemic Shock ◽  
Severe Dehydration ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Absorption Function ◽  
Trichuris Vulpis

Background: Trichuris vulpis, a species that belongs to Trichuris and shows a cosmopolitan distribution, parasitizes the gastrointestinal system of dogs causing trichuriasis. The infection occurs owing to ingestion of larval eggs and subsequent fixation of their adult form in the large intestine of the host. The objective of this paper is to report the case of a Border Collie dog that arrived at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) of the Federal University of Jataí (UFJ) after exhibiting signs of intense dehydration and sudden death caused by severe T. vulpis infection, and to elucidate the macroscopic and microscopic histopathological correlations observed during necropsy.Case: A 7-year-old male Border Collie dog was referred for routine necroscopic examination on suspicion of death from intoxication. In the history, there were reports of bone ingestion, restlessness, and polydipsia for three days, followed by sudden death. Although the animal presented an adequate body state during the necroscopic procedure, enophthalmia and pale oral and ocular mucosa were observed, which are characteristic signs of severe dehydration and anemia. On opening the abdominal cavity, the visceral serosa were found to be stained and severely dry. Greenish mucous content was observed throughout the intestine, and in the large intestine, a moderate amount of mucus associated with high parasitic infestation by elongated parasites attached to the mucosa was identified. The parasites were harvested, stored in airtight vials containing 70% alcohol, processed, and subsequently identified as T. vulpis.Discussion: The necroscopic findings associated with the histopathology were compatible with T. vulpis infestation at high parasite intensity, with severe destruction of the intestinal mucosa and inability of water absorption, resulting in severe dehydration. In cases of parasitism, villous atrophy with crypt hypertrophy occurs, a fact observed in the present case. Possibly crypt hypertrophy occurs prior to villous atrophy, and occurs independently of previous lesions of the absorptive compartment. This results in poor absorption. Advanced loss of gastrointestinal tract fluids can usually be extensive and lead to progressive dehydration with loss of isotonic and hypertonic fluids, which can also be observed in the observation of blood components, severely accelerating changes such as hypovolemia and posterior hemoconcentration. Hypovolemia from severe dehydration also decreases renal perfusion and reduces the rate of glomerular filtration. Hypovolemia also leads to decreased blood pumping capacity, which may lead to heart failure and pulmonary circulatory disorders with notable effects on gas exchange, which may cause hypoxemia and possibly lethal metabolic acidosis. The necropsy performed on the animal found a severe dehydration that could be sustained mainly owing to signs of hypovolemia, associated with a series of pathophysiological events with the massive presence of parasites identified as T. vulpis. The damage caused to the intestinal mucosa by the oral stylet, the movement, and toxins of the parasites led to a severe condition of villosities destruction and tissue necrosis, leading to a large loss of the absorption function of nutrients in the intestines and especially of water, resulting in a condition of severe dehydration. This imbalance of system functioning also alters cardiac function because of increased blood viscosity generating possible lardaceous clots, which in turn are indicative of anemia. This cycle of deleterious changes can result in hypovolemic shock and consequent sudden death.

Fermented date residue extract mix containing gamma-aminobutyric acid augments the immune function of mouse splenocytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiyu Hattori ◽  
Yoshinari Yamamoto ◽  
Sotaro Fujii ◽  
Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee ◽  
Momoko Hasegawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Gaba Receptors ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Mouse Splenocytes ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Exogenous Addition ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract An extract of date (fruit of a palm tree) residue plus food-grade glutamate, acetic acid, and yeast extract (date residue extract mix, DREM) has been successfully fermented with using Lactobacillus brevis JCM 1059T to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Here, mouse splenocytes were found to be viable when supplemented with DREM and fermented DREM containing GABA (fDREM). The addition of DREM and fDREM resulted in secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α from the splenocytes, fDREM being more effective than DREM. The TNF-α secretion with DREM was elevated by exogenous addition of GABA and that with fDREM was in part mediated via A-type GABA receptors. Contrary to general understanding of the suppressive effects of GABA on various biological functions, our findings suggest that GABA-containing fDREM arguments the immune function as a food and pharmaceutical material.

scholarly journals Bacillus Coagulans Enhance the Immune Function of the Intestinal Mucosa of Yellow Broilers

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Xu ◽  
Q Fan ◽  
Y Zhuang ◽  
Q Wang ◽  
Y Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Bacillus Coagulans
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