scholarly journals Variation Among Gross Energy Values Measured by Two Modes of Adiabatic Oxygen Bomb Calorimetry

1982 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 994-997
Author(s):  
I.R. SIBBALD ◽  
P.M. MORSE
Keyword(s):  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Oxygen Bomb ◽  
Gross Energy

Thermodynamic properties of diosgenin determined by oxygen-bomb calorimetry and DSC

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 2280-2282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Rui Zhao ◽  
Hong-Jie Wang ◽  
Shu-Yu Wang ◽  
Xiao-Xin Yue
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Oxygen Bomb

Weighed Plate Waste Can Accurately Measure Children's Energy Consumption from Food in Quick-Service Restaurants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie E Gervis ◽  
Erin Hennessy ◽  
Eleanor T Shonkoff ◽  
Peter Bakun ◽  
Juliana Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Slight Variation ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Plate Waste ◽  
Energy Assessment ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Quick Service

ABSTRACT Background Quick-service restaurants (QSRs) serve one-third of US children on any given day, yet no methods can directly measure energy (kcal) consumed in QSRs. Weighed plate waste is one feasible option, but the accuracy is unknown. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of weighed plate waste for measuring children's energy consumption in QSRs. Methods Children's plate waste (entrées and sides) was collected for a larger study assessing a community-wide health messaging campaign to inform parents’ orders for children in QSRs; a subsample (n = 194) was used for validation. Gross energy left over estimated by weighed plate waste combined with restaurant-stated nutrition information was compared to gross energy determined by bomb calorimetry, the gold-standard energy assessment technique. Analyses were conducted at the meal level (all food items, combined) and stratified by the number of items per meal (1, 2, or 3). Pearson correlations and paired t tests analyzed agreement; Bland-Altman statistics examined differences between energy estimations for the total and stratified subsample. Results Overall, significant agreement was observed between weighed plate waste and bomb calorimetry (r = 0.99, P < 0.001). On average, weighed plate waste underestimated energy content by <2 kcal compared with bomb calorimetry (mean percent difference ± SD of 0.3% ± 10.7%); 94% of estimations fell within the limits of agreement (−23.5 to 26.8 kcal), and 63% and 24% of estimations differed by <10 or <20 net kcal, respectively. Although stratification by item number showed slight variation, mean differences for all strata were <5 kcal (t test P > 0.80), suggesting the accuracy of weighed plate waste for measuring meals of various sizes. Conclusions Weighed plate waste is an accurate and valid field technique for measuring children's energy consumption from food in QSRs. Future improvements to capturing beverages, self-serve condiments, and sharing behaviors may improve the overall feasibility and accuracy.

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY VOLATILE FATTY ACID MIXTURES ON PERFORMANCE AND ON FAT COMPOSITION OF GROWING PIGS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. BOWLAND ◽  
B. A. YOUNG ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the acceptability, calculated digestible energy, influence on performance, and effect on fatty acid composition of backfat when a mixture of volatile fatty acids (VFA) or of a sodium salt of these fatty acids (Na VFA) was fed to pigs. The weight percent of the VFA mixture was 40 acetic, 40 propionic and 20 butyric acid. Adding 2 to 8% VFA or Na VFA to the diet, without adjustment for digestible energy or total protein, did not influence feed intake or rate of gain. Dietary levels of 10 or 12% VFA or Na VFA depressed daily gain. When 4% VFA or Na VFA was fed from an initial weight of 12 kg, feed intake was not altered in comparison with that of pigs fed a control diet. Rate of gain averaged 0.64 kg per day for pigs fed either VFA or Na VFA, compared with 0.60 kg for control pigs. The digestible energy values of the VFA and Na VFA, based on calculated energy conversion from 38 to 75 kg liveweight, were higher than the gross energy values of the compounds determined by oxygen bomb calorimetry, presumably because of a synergistic action of VFA with other energy sources in the diet. Carcass backfat thickness, area of loin and lean in the ham face were not significantly altered by feeding VFA or Na VFA. When pigs received up to 12% VFA or Na VFA, weight percent oleic acid in the outer backfat was increased (P < 0.05) from 49.9% in the control pigs to between 52.7 and 53.3 percent. There was no influence on backfat composition when 4% VFA or Na VFA was fed continuously.

Energy losses in the excreta of poultry: a model for predicting dietary metabolizable energy

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (103) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Moir ◽  
WJ Yule ◽  
JK Connor
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Poultry Diets

Twenty-four poultry diets with gross energy values ranging from 18.43 to 21.54 MJ kg-1 DM were fed to chickens using a standard metabolizable energy (ME) assay procedure. Gross energy as determined by bomb calorimetry was significantly related to gross energy as calculated from chemical composition (protein, fat, and carbohydrate), with an RSD of � 0.25 MJ kg-1 DM. Energy loss via faeces and urine (range 4.1 1 to 5.91 MJ kg-1 diet DM) was significantly related to crude fibre expressed as a percentage of the total dietary carbohydrate (range 3.7 to 8.6). The RSD was � 0.29 MJ. By treating the components of ME (gross energy and energy loss) separately, bias of biological origin was separated from random error in the prediction of ME from chemical composition.

Prediction of gross energy content of ewe milk

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. J. Šebek ◽  
H. Everts
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Prediction Interval ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Gross Energy

AbstractThe interpretation of the results of feeding trials with lactating ewes and their sucking lambs can be improved considerably when milk energy production is known. The determination of gross energy (GE) however is time consuming and expensive. Therefore an equation to predict GE from milk constituents would be helpful.Using multiple regression analysis a GE-prediction equation was derived with milk samples mainly from crossbred ewes. The concentrations of milk constituents were determined by infrared spectrometry (calibrated with cow milk). Fat concentration ranged between 43·8 and 125·0 g/kg, protein concentration between 32·4 and 53·1 g/kg and lactose concentration between 38·9 and 52·9 g/kg. GE (adiabatic bomb calorimetry) of the samples under consideration ranged between 3500 to 6800 kj/kg.The following equation, including fat (f), protein (p) and lactose (I), is recommended and predicts GE as kj/kg fresh milk using constituents in g/kg fresh milk:GE = 41·94 × f + 15·85 × p + 21·41 ×l (residual s.d. = 92, adj.R2 = 0·98).This equation has, in the GE range 4500 kj to 6000 kj, an almost constant confidence interval with an average of ±25 kJ and an almost constant prediction interval, with an average of ±87 kJ. In the period until weaning it would appear justified to use the derived equation regardless of stage of lactation. The equation is valid for milk samples from sheep breeds with relatively high fat and low protein contents and where milk constituents have been determined by cow milk calibrated infrared spectrometry.

Combustion Enthalpies of C60 and C70 by Micro-oxygen-bomb Calorimetry

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 961-964
Author(s):  
An Xu-Wu ◽  
◽  
Chen Bin ◽  
He Jun
Keyword(s):  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Oxygen Bomb
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