scholarly journals TOXICITY OF DIFFERENT PLANT EXTRACTS AND GREEN SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
Farhad Ali ◽  
Muhammad Tariq ◽  
Farid Asif Shaheen ◽  
Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani ◽  
Tayyaba Zainab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
Brassica Crops

The diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella (Lepidoptera; Plutellidae) is one of the most notorious and cosmopolitan insect pests of brassica crops around the world. P. xylostella may causes 90% yield losses in brassica crops. Various control measures have been adopted to manage this pest; however, the most effective control method is the use of synthetic chemical insecticides. Overuse of insecticides have many adverse effects including insecticide resistance, hazardous to environment, long persistency, interfere with food chain. There is an urgent need for alternative control measures which should be effective, environmental friendly and economically safer. Bio pesticides include plant extracts and green synthesized nano-based insecticides are among these measures, which can be useful for the management of P. xylostella. Less work has been carried out on the use of green synthesized plant products against P. xylostella. Therefore, current study has been planned to evaluate the toxicity of plant extracts and green synthesized nano-based plant products against P. xylostella. Eight plants extract (neem, bakain, bitter-gourd, clove, eucalyptus, dathura, garlic and ginger) and their nano-based products (green synthesis silver nanoparticles) were applied in different concentrations against 3rd larval instars of P. xylostella. Mortality were recorded after 24, 48 and 72 hours of application of treatments. Corrected mortality was calculated using Abbot’s formula and LC50 values were calculated.

An experimental evaluation of conventional control measures against the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae). II. The dynamics of the tick-host interaction

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Randolph ◽  
Gordon M. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Contact Rate ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Questing Ticks

AbstractThe experimental manipulation of separate, but originally identical, populations of Ixodes ricinus (L.) by applying three conventional tick control measures in different enclosures on naturally infested moorland in Wales allowed the elements of the tick-host interaction to be analysed quantitatively and the effectiveness of the control methods to be compared. From the relationship between the sheep stocking density and the numbers of questing ticks picked up by fortnightly blanket-dragging in each enclosure, the death rate of ticks during their activity season and the rate of contact between sheep and ticks were calculated. From this, it was possible to investigate the effect of different stocking densities on the feeding success of ticks. A major factor determining the much lower contact rate for larvae than for nymphs was the different spatial distribution of questing ticks, clumped for larvae and random for nymphs. The non-random use by sheep of the three different vegetation zones in the paddock resulted in the highest contact rate between sheep and ticks in the pasture area, but tick survival was apparently highest in the bog area. Combining these factors resulted in the prediction that the bracken area was the least favourable habitat for ticks. In the two enclosures where the sheep were not treated with acaricide the mean tick loads on the sheep were similar, but the lower overall use of the pasture by the sheep in the low stocking density enclosure (2/ha) resulted in slightly lower tick loads there compared with those in the high stocking density enclosure (4/ha). The numbers of ticks counted in the second year showed that pasture spelling was the most effective control method, acaricide treatment was less effective, and the benefits of halving the stocking density were marginal. The implications of these results for control strategies are discussed.

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Plant Extracts for the Control of Diamond Moth (Plutella xylostella Linnaeus) Infesting Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn)

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 164-178
Author(s):  
Adeola Foluke Odewole ◽  
Timothy Abiodun Adebayo
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Unsprayed Plot ◽  
Negative Controls

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Linn.) is one of the important vegetables grown worldwide. Insect pests have been a major constraint to its production with some reported to have developed resistance to commonly available synthetic insecticides. In order to find alternative control for these pests, field experiments were conducted in the early seasons of 2011 and 2012, to evaluate the efficacy of three plant extracts, Tephrosia vogelli Hooks, Zingiber officinales Rosh and Lantana camara Spanish flag, applied at 5, 10 and 25 % w/v concentrations Delthamethrin (a synthethic insecticide) and an unsprayed plot were included as positive and negative controls respectively. Plots were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replications. Mean Data over the two planting seasons were subjected to the analysis of variance and significant means were compared using the least significant difference (L.S.D) at P < 0.05. Z. officinales extract effectively control P. xylostella larvae at all concentrations with 25 % w/v gave the best yield of 0.50 kg/ha while T. vogelii and L. camara extracts were as effective as Deltamethrin at different concentrations and hours on diamondback-moth (P. xylostella) adult The present findings indicated that effective botanicals against Diamondback moth adult and larvae of cabbage can be formulated from extract of T. vogelii, L. camara and Z. officinales at 25 % concentration respectively.

Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests

1993 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Insect Pest Control ◽  
Biological Control Of Insects ◽  
Increasing Demand

Environmental and public health problems arising from the use of chemical insecticides have led to an increasing demand for alternatives for insect pest control. Together with this, widespread public concern resulting in governmental bans on many of the most effective insecticides and development of insecticide resistance has severely reduced the range of useful insecticides available. Alternative control measures such as the biological control of pest insects with parasitoids and predators and microbial biocides have been in field use for several decades. Although these alternatives are being continually improved, most insect pests are nonetheless still controlled with chemical insecticides. This book presents the latest work on the biological control of insects using nematodes; it covers a range of topics that will help provide a better understanding of the potential problems involved in developing these nematodes as biological control agents. Nematodes infect hundreds of different species from most orders of insects and affect their insect hosts in a variety of ways.

THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 90. Abutilon theophrasti

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. WARWICK ◽  
L. D. BLACK
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
High Viability ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Prolonged Dormancy

Abutilon theophrasti Medic. (velvetleaf) forms extensive weed infestations in all major maize and soybean growing areas of Ontario and Quebec. A review of the literature on the biology of the species is presented. Velvetleaf causes crop losses through competition, allelopathic effects and by hosting insect pests and pathogens of crops. Velvetleaf has a number of features which contribute to its success as a weed, including: the production of a large number of seeds that have high viability with prolonged dormancy and sporadic, continuous germination patterns; robust seedling vigor; and the ability to produce seed under competition. Because of sporadic germination patterns, control is difficult. Effective control measures include the application of pre-emergence and/or postemergence herbicides followed by cultivation and additional herbicide applications to control escapes and later flushes of germination. A triazine-resistant bio-type of velvetleaf has recently been reported from the northeastern United States.Key words: Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti, weed biology

scholarly journals Bacterial extracts for the control of Atta cephalotes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and its symbiotic fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Agaricales: Agaricaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Ortiz Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Atta Cephalotes ◽  
Xenorhabdus Nematophila ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Crop Fields ◽  
Leaf Cutting ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Leucoagaricus Gongylophorus

Leaf-cutting ants (Atta cephalotes Linnaeus) are one of the main insect pests in Latin America; these ants (along with Acromyrmex sp.) present a unique characteristic amongst ants – the cultivation of the Leucoagaricus gongylophorus Möller (Singer) fungus as a food source. They belong to tribe Attini and build nests in underground chambers which are interconnected by pathways. These voracious ants have attacked over 45 crop fields in Colombia. The main control method has been the use of synthetic chemical products; however, alternative control measures must be established. One alternative that has a great potential are bacteria and their secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal and antifungal effect of bacterial extracts on major worker A. cephalotes ants and the L. gongylophorus fungus. A total of 118 extracts produced by the same number of bacteria were evaluated. Among the strains that produced the active extracts were Serratia sp., Xenorhabdus nematophila, Photorhabdus sp., and Bacillus thuringiensis. Seventeen (17) extracts showed insecticidal activity upon contact, 13 by ingestion, while 8 showed antifungal activity that was statistically significant. In total, 23 bacterial extracts exhibited some type of activity to control Atta cephalotes.

scholarly journals Methods of Control of theLeishmania infantumDog Reservoir: State of the Art

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Podaliri Vulpiani ◽  
Luigi Iannetti ◽  
Daniela Paganico ◽  
Filomena Iannino ◽  
Nicola Ferri
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Indirect Control ◽  
Reservoir State ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Therapeutic Protocols ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

Leishmania infantumis a protozoan parasite causing severe vector-borne visceral diseases both in humans and dogs. The latter are the most important natural reservoir and therefore should be the main target of control measures. The real efficacy of seropositive dogs culling as a direct control method is still debated, and the new sensitivity of large part of population considers ethically unacceptable this kind of approach. Treatment of infectious dogs with one of the available therapeutic protocols is recommendable as it allows to reduce parasite burdens and therefore the possibility of transmission ofLeishmania infantumto vectors. Vaccination has been proven to be a very effective control tool, but the absence of a commonly recognized diagnostic method able to distinguish vaccinate from seropositive individuals is still an important limit. Concerning indirect control methods, a number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of topical insecticides treatment (collars, spot-on, and sprays) in reducing incidence and prevalence ofL. infantum. Also, the reduction of the odds of seroconversion in humans in endemic areas has been reported after the application of indirect control measures on dogs. The contemporary use of direct and indirect methods is even more effective in reducing seroprevalence in dogs.

scholarly journals Vegetable brassica IPM expanding into other brassicagrowing systems in the South Island

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 412-412
Author(s):  
G.P. Walker ◽  
M.M. Davidson ◽  
M.K. Walker ◽  
F.H. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Pheromone Trap ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
The South ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
The North ◽  
Larval Parasitoid ◽  
Brassica Crops ◽  
North And South

An IPM programme originally developed for vegetable brassicas is now being adapted and extended into other brassicagrowing systems in the South Island including vegetable fodder and seed brassica crops MAFs Sustainable Farming Fund and various industry partners plus government funding is supporting research into best practices to manage the major foliage insect pests in these brassica crops A pest risk assessment survey was undertaken this year to determine in which seasons areas and growing systems pests are a problem Pheromone trap data showed that diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella survived overwinter as resident populations in localised brassica crops DBM and leaf miners caused serious problems for many growers DBM is resistant to standard broadspectrum insecticides but growers are still applying these insecticides which disrupt natural enemies of insect pests European leaf miner Scaptomyza flava is the key leaf miner pest and appears not to be attacked by the larval parasitoid Asobara persimilis which could be introduced from the North Island Field surveys also showed that the recently introduced larval parasitoid of white butterfly Cotesia rubecula has spread naturally to North and South Canterbury

scholarly journals Long-Term Efficacy of Glyphosate for Smooth Brome Control in Native Prairie

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica I. Slopek ◽  
Eric G. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
Native Prairie ◽  
And Function

Effective control measures are required for the invasive forage grass smooth brome in native prairie to maintain native prairie diversity and function. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effectiveness of glyphosate as a control method for smooth brome and to evaluate the subsequent recovery of native prairie species at Kernen Prairie near Saskatoon, SK, Canada. In 1999 and 2000, a total of forty 6- to 8-m-diameter patches of smooth brome were spot sprayed with glyphosate; community composition in each patch was monitored for 17 yr. Following glyphosate application, the abundance of smooth brome decreased, and recovery of native species richness and the abundance of important native species, including plains rough fescue, was observed. In the long term however, the elimination of smooth brome created empty niche space ultimately occupied by other invasive species, particularly Kentucky bluegrass. The spot application of glyphosate is thus an effective control method for reducing smooth brome in native prairie; however, maintaining desirable native species composition in this system posttreatment depends on other factors, including the presence of additional invasive species that may move in after the elimination of smooth brome.

scholarly journals The Gram-Positive Bacterium Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides Shows Insecticidal Activity against Drosophilid and Aphid Pests

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Nils Hiebert ◽  
Tobias Kessel ◽  
Marisa Skaljac ◽  
Marius Spohn ◽  
Andreas Vilcinskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
The Family ◽  
Leuconostoc Pseudomesenteroides ◽  
Living Bacteria

Insect pests reduce global crop yields by up to 20%, but the most effective control measures are currently based on environmentally hazardous chemical pesticides. An alternative, ecologically beneficial pest-management strategy involves the use of microbial pathogens (or active compounds and extracts derived from them) that naturally target selected insect pests. A novel strain of the bacterium Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides showed promising activity in our preliminary tests. Here, we investigated its effects in more detail, focusing on drosophilid and aphid pests by testing the survival of two species representing the family Drosophilidae (Drosophila suzukii and D. melanogaster) and one representing the family Aphididae (Acyrthosiphon pisum). We used oral and septic infection models to administer living bacteria or cell-free extracts to adult flies and aphid nymphs. We found that infection with living bacteria significantly reduced the survival of our insect models, whereas the administration of cell-free extracts had a significant effect only in aphids. These results confirm that L. pseudomesenteroides has potential as a new biocontrol agent for sustainable pest management.

Phytonematodes in Integrated Crop-livestock Systems of Tropical Regions

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Anne Caroline Dallabrida Avelino ◽  
Dayana Aparecida de Faria ◽  
Lucas Dias de Oliveira ◽  
Bruno Giuseppe Terzi ◽  
Alexandre Secco Contreras Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Sustainable Cultivation ◽  
Livestock Systems ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Degraded Pastures

The integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) is a model of sustainable cultivation that allows the recovery of degraded pastures and the intensification in pasture and grain production. However, the presence of pathogens in the production fields has hampered the employment of these systems. In order to minimize or eradicate the phytonematodes in the production fields and the seeds used in CLIS, it is necessary to know the nematofauna. Based on this, this work aimed to perform a literature review describing the main forages and agricultural crops used in integrated crop-livestock systems in tropical regions, the major phytonematodes associated with these crops and their control measures. This work was based on a literature review from the Scielo, Scopus and Google Scholar databases, with data from 1999 to 2019. The initially used keywords were "tropical weeds"; "Agricultural crops"; and "ICLS" and their respective terms in the Portuguese language. From the initial results, we used the keywords "Brachiaria syn. Urochloa sp. "; "Phytonematodes"; "Millet"; "Maize"; "Panicum sp."; "Soy"; "Sorghum", and "ICLS" and their respective terms in the Portuguese language. Publications that did not meet the criteria of this study (analyzed by titles and abstract) were considered as exclusion criteria, as well as repeated works in the databases. Based on the literature, the cultivation of forages belonging to the genera Brachiaria syn. Urochloa sp. and Panicum sp., along with and soybean, maize, sorghum and millet are predominant in the ICL system of tropical regions. The phytonematodes Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus brachyurus, Heterodera glycines, Rotylenculus reniformis, Aphelenchoides sp., Ditylenchus sp. and Filenchus sp. cause greater severity of damage to the main cultures used in ICL. No control method can eradicate the phytonematodes. The most effective control for the studied phytonematodes is through integrated pest and disease management.

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