scholarly journals Terror in europe and its sources in illegal migration from the south. How to distinguish one from the other and contain both

2020 ◽  
Vol 1(14)/2020 (1(14)/2020) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Crăişor C. IONIŢĂ
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
European Security ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Violent Action ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
International War

Currently, Europe has to face new risks and threats, including terrorist attacks, illegal migration, and hybrid warfare that transcend the common security aspects and have further roots beyond its borders, in unsolved hot spot areas, like Eastern and Southern neighbourhood. Today rapid developments in the political and economic fields made terrorism a common problem for all the countries in the world. This is also true for European countries because, with the Madrid bombing of the Atocha Rail Station, where, for the first time in the history of terrorism, two organizations were involved together (Al Qaida and ETA) in committing a violent action, we can speak about the internationalisation of terror and the shift of its political objectives towards those nations supporting the United States in the International War on Terror. Since the 2014 Ukrainian crisis and Syrian conflict, including here military actions to counter the Salafi Jihadist militant group and alleged former Al Qaida affiliate in the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a period of increased Islamic terrorist activity has taken place in Europe, often referred to as the Wave of Terror in Europe. Terrorists employed a wide range of tactics to support implementation of their overall strategies. In Europe, as we saw in the past events, terrorist organisations have mostly been employing old tactics such as bombing, arson, assassination and suicide attack to achieve their goals. The big issue for terror in Europe is the mix of some of these classical acts with new methods including the use of computer devices, driving transportation means against crowds, shooting and stabbing their targets, in order to transmit proposed messages. The European security context forced more and more European states to take “hard” measures for eliminating the danger of those terrorist organizations. A lot of books have been written and many analyses have been made since the 90s. However, the terrorists modify their tactics and weapons according to new conditions. Moreover, they co-operate with each other and gain a more Mafia like characteristic. Even, terrorist organizations and other crime organizations are going faster than the sovereign countries in the field of cooperation. Consequently, the terrorist organizations, instead of being annihilated, gain more power, with every countermeasure.

Who is who in international terrorism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Владислав Красинский ◽  
Vladislav Krasinskiy ◽  
Владислав Машко ◽  
Vladislav Mashko
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
International Terrorism ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Islamic Movement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Muslim Brotherhood ◽  
Operational Capacity

The directory contains information on the international terrorist organizations al-Qaida, the Islamic state, Jabhat al-Nusra, the Islamic movement of Uzbekistan, the Taliban, Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami, the Union of Islamic Jihad, the Jund al-sham, the Muslim Brotherhood and the international religious extremist organization Tablighi Jamaat, which are banned in the territory of the Russian Federation. The authors considered the most famous and capable terrorist organization, revealed their operational capacity, the doctrines of, the organization and tactics of the activity, their role and place in the conglomeration of international terrorist organizations. The book is intended for law enforcement officers, analysts of research funds, political scientists and media representatives, as well as for a wide range of readers and experts interested in topical issues of countering international terrorism.

scholarly journals The Solomon Sea: its circulation, chemistry, geochemistry and biology explored during two oceanographic cruises

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Ganachaud ◽  
Sophie Cravatte ◽  
Janet Sprintall ◽  
Cyril Germineaud ◽  
Marion Alberty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spot ◽  
Current System ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equatorial Region ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Wide Range

The semi-enclosed Solomon Sea in the southwestern tropical Pacific is on the pathway of a major oceanic circuit connecting the subtropics to the equator via energetic western boundary currents. Waters transiting through this area replenish the Pacific Warm Pool and ultimately feed the equatorial current system, in particular the equatorial undercurrent. In addition to dynamical transformations, water masses undergo nutrient and micronutrient enrichment when coming in contact with the coasts, impacting the productivity of the downstream equatorial region. Broadscale observing systems are not well suited for describing the fine-scale currents and water masses properties in the Solomon Sea, leaving it relatively unexplored. Two multidisciplinary oceanographic cruises were conducted in the Solomon Sea region, the first in July–August 2012 and the second in March 2014, by investigators from France and the United States. The experimental approach combined physical, chemical, geochemical and biogeochemical analyses, providing access to a wide range of space and time scales of the circulation. This collection of data allows describing the fine-scale structure of the currents and the water properties, transformations and mixing from the surface to the sill depth in the Solomon Sea and in the straits connecting it to the equator. Ocean-margin exchanges were documented through a comprehensive sampling of trace elements and isotopes as efficient tracers of natural fertilization processes. As air chemistry is largely impacted by the regional volcanic plumes, rainwater pH was also sampled. Dinitrogen fixation rates were measured and found to be among the highest in the global ocean, highlighting this region as a hot spot of nitrogen fixation. This study provides an overview of the climatic context during both cruises and the physical circulation and water masses properties. It provides a comprehensive description of all measurements made onboard, and presents preliminary results, aiming to serve as a reference for further physical, geochemical and biogeochemical studies.

scholarly journals The Correlation Between External and Internal Factors of the Libyan Crisis

2015 ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
E. N. Koposova
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Crisis Events ◽  
The Government

Abstract: Nowadays, the region of Middle East and North Africa has become a "testing ground" where the competition between the great powers takes place . The importance of this region is determined by its geopolitical position, concentration of large natural resources, as well as the fact that it represents the greatest threat to the international security - the bases of terrorist organizations, the strengthening role of the group "Islamic State", drug trafficking and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was one of the most developed and richest countries on the African continent: the crisis events of 2011, which resulted in the overthrow of the government, the murder of Muammar Gaddafi and the crisis in the country. From the viewpoint of the neoclassical realism the Libyan crisis is explored in the article. The causes of the crisis (both internal and external) as as well as the interests of the great powers - the United States of America, France and Britain are analyzed.

Obama’s AUMF Legacy

2016 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis A. Bradley ◽  
Jack L. Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Senior Leaders ◽  
Legal Foundation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Osama Bin Laden ◽  
Geographical Scope

In the fifteen years since the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) was enacted on September 18, 2001, the Taliban has been removed from power but not eliminated; Osama Bin Laden has been killed and the senior leaders of Al Qaeda as of 9/11 have been captured, killed, or driven underground, although Al Qaeda remains a threat; numerous Al Qaeda affiliates have sprung up around the globe, most notably in Iraq, Yemen, Syria, and Somalia; and most ominously, the Islamic State has arisen from the ashes of Al Qaeda in Iraq to become what the Director of National Intelligence has described as “the preeminent terrorist threat” against the United States “because of its self-described caliphate in Syria and Iraq, its branches and emerging branches in other countries, and its increasing ability to direct and inspire attacks against a wide range of targets around the world.”Despite massive changes in the geographical scope of the conflict that began on 9/11, the strategy and tactics employed, and the identity of the enemy, the AUMF remains the principal legal foundation under U.S. domestic law for the president to use force against and detain members of terrorist organizations. The AUMF is already the longest operative congressional authorization of military force in U.S. history, and, as of fall 2016, there was no immediate prospect that Congress would move to repeal or update it. With the continued vibrancy of Al Qaeda, its associates, and the Taliban, and with the 2014 presidential extension of the AUMF to cover military operations against the Islamic State, the AUMF is likely to be the primary legal basis for American uses of force for the foreseeable future.

scholarly journals Features of Terrorist-Oriented Criminality in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and Measures of Legal Response to Fight it at the Present Stage

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-410
Author(s):  
Alexander Korobeev ◽  
Dmitriy Lobach ◽  
Nguyen Hung
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Terrorism

This article examines distinguishing features of terrorist-oriented criminality in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, exploring quantitative indicators of certain types of crimes. It is concluded that the current level of political violence in Vietnam is low. Using a wide range of data sources on composite indicators (Global Terrorism Index, Global Terrorism Database and Global Peace Index), it is concluded that to date Vietnam has recorded a low level of political violence. The research explores basic «criminogenic» conditions or factors that lead to relevant risk of growth of political violence. It should be noted that to some extent ethnic tensions still exist in Vietnam. There is also a great concern about criminal activity of a number of domestic and international terrorist organizations, which, in the short or long term, could disrupt domestic political situation and escalate terrorism. The researchers argue that although political and religious motives (e.g. establishing an Islamic state) underlie certain terrorist activities of international terrorist organizations and the fact that Muslims in Vietnam make up about 0,1 % of the countrys population, Vietnams international commitment to counter-terrorism is likely to make it a target of retaliation by these organizations. In addition, there is a possibility that these organizations may commit terrorist acts within the territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to support and fund terrorist activities in the future. We summarized that as at present in force Criminal Code of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam includes special provisions that carry liability for individual acts showing signs of terrorism (arts. 113, 299, 300 CC SRV) and norms within international obligations that cover criminal liability for other crimes of terrorist nature (crimes with indicators of terrorization). The comparative legal analysis of anti-terrorist statutes presented in the 2015 version of the Criminal Code of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam reveals legal and technical defects in certain material elements of terrorist offences. It is noted that Vietnamese legislator distinguishes two forms of terrorism: «traditional» terrorism, which pursues political aims (criminal acts against the peoples government, committed for the purpose of combating it) and terrorism aimed at creating a climate of fear in society.

scholarly journals RUSSIA: FROM COLD WAR VIA “PEACE DIVIDEND” TO HYBRID WAR IN EUROPE. HOW TO RECONCILE EUROPE'S STRATEGIC INTERESTS WITH RUSSIA'S LEGITIMATE INTERESTS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crăişor IONIŢĂ
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spot ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Us ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Second Lebanon War

Abstract: As of today, Europe has to face new asymmetric threats, including Hybrid Warfare, terrorist attacks, and illegal migration that transcend the common security aspects and have further roots beyond its borders, in unsolved hot spot areas, like Eastern and Southern neighbourhood. For many military theorists, the Ukrainian Crisis represented a huge opportunity to restart debates regarding hybridity in future warfare. Some definitions and conceptual elements regarding hybrid threats and hybrid challenges have been developed since the Second Lebanon War of 2006 and were improved after the 2008 Chechen War. Hybrid Warfare theory has been developed by Russia since 2004, as the future conflict concept to counter NATO’s expansion to the East and the installation of the US Anti-Missile Shield in Europe. meanwhile, Western Governments has defined the hybrid threat as an issue rather than as an operating concept that requires a solution. as a result, up to now no American National Strategy or doctrine has incorporated this theory as a new form of future conflicts. In conjunction with reviewing and adjusting strategies and war fighting concepts, the defence community must re-evaluate the force structure needed for future conflicts and build adequate capabilities. With a wider range of threats that may require the need to employ various capabilities simultaneously, NATO and member states must continue their efforts to strive for greater joint operations and possibly inter-dependence. With EU support, they must transform their industrial-era organizational structures into more agile, information-, and knowledge-based enterprises, which requires a large investment in ideas, technology, and people.

Space Capabilities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Security ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Range Space ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Current State ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Wide Range

This chapter assesses the current state of European military space capabilities as of 2017. Cooperative programmes have become more prominent, but national concerns are still predominant. While European institutions have acquired some military space interests, intergovernmental policymaking is still critical. Europe has a wide range of technological capabilities, but there are gaps in some security critical areas. The European space industrial base is partially integrated but with some tensions stemming from residual national industrial interests. The chapter examines the leading European national military space capabilities as well as a representative sample of other medium and lesser European powers. Europe is compared with other mid-range space powers such as India and Japan, as well as benchmarking against the United States, Russia, and China. While European military space has made significant progress, it is still impeded by political divisions that reflect wider weaknesses in European security policy.

Music after the Fall

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Rutherford-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
The United States ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

By the start of the 21st century many of the foundations of postwar culture had disappeared: Europe had been rebuilt and, as the EU, had become one of the world’s largest economies; the United States’ claim to global dominance was threatened; and the postwar social democratic consensus was being replaced by market-led neoliberalism. Most importantly of all, the Cold War was over, and the World Wide Web had been born. Music After The Fall considers contemporary musical composition against this changed backdrop, placing it in the context of globalization, digitization, and new media. Drawing on theories from the other arts, in particular art and architecture, it expands the definition of Western art music to include forms of composition, experimental music, sound art, and crossover work from across the spectrum, inside and beyond the concert hall. Each chapter considers a wide range of composers, performers, works, and institutions are considered critically to build up a broad and rich picture of the new music ecosystem, from North American string quartets to Lebanese improvisers, from South American electroacoustic studios to pianos in the Australian outback. A new approach to the study of contemporary music is developed that relies less on taxonomies of style and technique, and more on the comparison of different responses to common themes, among them permission, fluidity, excess, and loss.

Death in the City

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Intimate Friend ◽  
Counter Narrative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
European Heritage ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple

Popular culture has long conflated Mexico with the macabre. Some persuasive intellectuals argue that Mexicans have a special relationship with death, formed in the crucible of their hybrid Aztec-European heritage. Death is their intimate friend; death is mocked and accepted with irony and fatalistic abandon. The commonplace nature of death desensitizes Mexicans to suffering. Death, simply put, defines Mexico. There must have been historical actors who looked away from human misery, but to essentialize a diverse group of people as possessing a unique death cult delights those who want to see the exotic in Mexico or distinguish that society from its peers. Examining tragic and untimely death—namely self-annihilation—reveals a counter narrative. What could be more chilling than suicide, especially the violent death of the young? What desperation or madness pushed the victim to raise the gun to the temple or slip the noose around the neck? A close examination of a wide range of twentieth-century historical documents proves that Mexicans did not accept death with a cavalier chuckle nor develop a unique death cult, for that matter. Quite the reverse, Mexicans behaved just as their contemporaries did in Austria, France, England, and the United States. They devoted scientific inquiry to the malady and mourned the loss of each life to suicide.

The Politics of Precaution

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Risk Regulation ◽  
Scientific Certainty ◽  
European Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Regulatory Controls ◽  
Milk Hormones

This book examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990 global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? This book takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. The book traces how concerns over such risks—and pressure on political leaders to do something about them—have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. The book explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.

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