scholarly journals Asymmetrical warfare Strategy and its Implications to the Black Sea Regional Security in 21st Century: Non-State Aggressive Actors and Terrorism

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-89
Author(s):  
Vakhtang Maisaia ◽  
Magdana Beselia
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Conflict Zone ◽  
Military Politics

Today, military politics have became a dominant factor in the aegis of the contemporary international and regional security, and this provision is also relevant in the Black Sea Region. The nature of military politics presupposes the existence of asymmetric threats, which is revealed in the implementation of functional politics by the states and implies the following components: power, chance, astonishment, armed forces, their doctrines, and armaments. The asymmetric military identification is vital to recognize at the regional level, with the example of the Black Sea Region and it’s involvement of so-called ‘Non-State Aggressive Actors’ (DAESH, Al-Qaeda, etc.). After the Russian annexation of Crimea, the Black Sea Region would be designated as a conflict zone and therefore NATO has reinforced it’s eastern security policy accordingly. The International Community witnessed that there are two regional hegemons: Russia and Turkey, pursuing their own geopolitical and economic interests in the Black Sea region and the region around the Caspian Sea (including one that sees regional power interests). Recently, China, as a global power in its own right, with its ‘One Belt and One Road’ Initiative (OBOR), expresses it’s own interests toward the region,

scholarly journals NATO Regional Approaches to Missile Defense – in the Context of Black Sea Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 2(15)/2020 (2(15)/2020) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Alika Guchua
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
The One

In modern times, the security of the Black Sea region is given great attention in international politics. This is an important area of interest for the EuroAtlantic Alliance, as evidenced by the European Parliament's Strategy for the Black Sea, adopted in 2011. NATO's close attention at the 2016 Warsaw Summit and the Parliamentary Assembly in Bucharest in 2017 shows its interest in this issue, as well as at the 2019 Washington Ministerial meeting, which approved a package of security actions The Black Sea. After the annexation of Crimea by Russia, we can safely say that the region is included in the sphere of interests of global players. The Black Sea is simultaneously a confrontation line between global powers, where the interests of Russia and NATO, Russia and the European Union, on the one hand, and Turkey, Russia, and the United States, on the other, diverge. The article discusses the importance and role of the Black Sea in the context of global security. The policy of modernization and development of missile defense systems and strategic strike weapons in the Black Sea region is also being discussed. The main approaches and characteristics of NATO's regional security policy in the Black Sea are discussed.

scholarly journals REGIONAL COOPERATION ON THE BLACK SEA: ACHIEVEMENTS, PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS

2013 ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
E. D. Eshba
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Transportation Routes

Throughout the history The Black Sea region attracted attention of both regional states and those lying far beyond its borders . One of the main reasons for increased attention to the Black Sea coast is its transit location : it is crossed by transport routes connecting the West with the states of Central Asia and Transcaucasia that are rich by hydrocarbon resources . A large-scale and fairly ambitious gas pipeline projects that are scheduled to take place on the territory of the Black Sea countries and across the Black Sea lead us to expect the increasing role of the Black Sea region in the world economic system. In this regard, the author brings to light the problem of the main stages of the development of cooperation among the Black Sea countries be means of analysis of the most successful attempts at regional cooperation. Special attention is paid to the policy of Turkey in the Black Sea and on the interactions of two major regional actors (Russia and Turkey) . In addition, the work highlights the most promising areas of transport, logistics , trade and economic development of the region , including the project of ring highway around the Black Sea, as well as prospects for the intensification of maritime transport and the development of new marine transportation routes. To summarize, the author concludes that , despite the development of cooperation in the region , there are problems in the formation of a comprehensive system of regional security and cooperation, so as major obstacles to the successful implementation of the plan of cooperation in the Black Sea region still remain .

CRIMEA AND THE BLACK SEA REGION IN THE POLITICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES OF UKRAINE EXPERTS (BASED ON ANALYTICAL REPORTS TO THE PRESIDENT’S MESSAGES TO THE VERKHOVNA RADA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
OLEG V. Donetsk National University ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Parallel Structure ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Political ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Strategic Studies

Basing on a constructivist approach to international relations and foreign policy, the author has defined the conceptual content of the script, in which the experts of the Ukrainian National Institute for Strategic Studies imagine Crimea and the Black Sea region. The study was carried out on the basis of the materials of the Institute's analytical reports to the messages of the President to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 2014-2018. It was found that the ideas about Crimea contained in them are extremely mythologized: in the political picture of the world of the Institute's experts, the peninsula is considered as a “Russian bridgehead”, a source of “military threat" and an "occupied territory". Ukrainian experts are convinced that the motives of Russia's foreign and defense policy in the Black Sea direction are allegedly due to its desire for "expansion", "imperial policy" and the desire to "restore the Soviet Union." They perceive the reunification of Crimea with Russia as an event that led to a cardinal transformation of the geopolitical space of the Black Sea region that contradicts Ukrainian national interests. At the same time, on rational grounds, the institute is actively searching for conceptual approaches to organizing a new regional security system and creating a long-term, broad and durable alliance of anti-Russian forces, which could act as a NATO parallel structure in the Black Sea region in the future. Moreover, Ukrainian experts do not have any own geopolitical project or idea on this. They are considering several options for regional coalitions at once, paying special attention to the Polish concept of "Intermarium", which consists in creating a block of Baltic-Black Sea states.

Regional Security - the Dynamics of the Russian Federation Military and Budget Support Provided to Abkhazia in 2008-2009

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-78
Author(s):  
Rudolf Pastor ◽  
Pavel Bučka
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
State Budget ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
Budget Support ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
The Russian Federation

Both the Georgian-Abkhazian War of 1992-93 and the five-day War of 2008 led to the subsequent presence of the Russian Federation Armed Forces in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Both de jure internationally unrecognized states without any Georgian governmental administration executive power over them present a major conflict seemingly frozen in time. „Status quo“ is represented on the Abkhazian and the South Ossetia side supported by their Russian patrons and by Georgia on the other side. The Russian Federation military presence prevents Georgia to execute any rights and functions over breakaway states under the Russian protectorate. The military power of the Russian Federation projected in Abkhazia, including aid provided by Russia since 2008 until 2019, is the topic of the following article. Russia is ensuring its dominance over both regions not only through its military presence but also by providing financial and material aid. Approximately 45% of the state budget of Abkhazia provided by Russia in 2019 excluding material support is self-explanatory to understand the strategic importance of both territories located in the Southern Caucasus. Abkhazia is located next to the Black Sea and both close to the Caspian Sea, considered by the Russian Federation the predominant sphere of its strategic interests in this region.

scholarly journals Biological and ecological characteristics of Pterocuma pectinata (Malacostraca, Cumacea) in Sasyk Reservoir

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
А. A. Khalaim ◽  
M. M. Djurtubaev
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Group ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Kuibyshev Reservoir ◽  
Black Sea Region

Sasyk (Kunduk) – estuary in the North-Western Black Sea region, is located 120 kmsouth-west of Odessa. In 1979–1980 Sasyk was separated from the sea by a dam, connected by a canal with the Danube and transformed into a reservoir. The fauna of Sasyk underwent significant changes and continues to adapt to the new conditions. This process is of great theoretical and practical interest. Cumacea – a small order, numbering about 600 species; is represented in the Black Sea-Azov basin by 23 species, 11 of them belong to the Caspian complex. Due to their high quantity indicators, they play a significant role in the diet of many species of fish. Pterocuma pectinata (Sowinski, 1893) is the most abundant species of cumacean not only in the Sasyk Reservoir, but also in many bodies of water in the region. However, the biology and ecology of this group of animals has been very inadequately studied. The material for these studies was provided by 120 benthic samples collected from 41 stations in the Sasyk Reservoir in the vegetation period 2013–2014. In this study we also used the material collected by means of H. Hungerford underwater light traps. In total 4,000 specimens of cumaceans were processed. This article shows the results of the studyof the post-embryonic development, fertility and size-mass characteristic of P. pectinata in Sasyk Reservoir. For both sexes for age stages have been distinguished and described for cumaceans: «manca», youth, prebreeding and breeding. Between breeding cycles, females live through one more preparatory (intermediate) stage; the males die. This article provides a detailed morphological and morphometric description of all the stages of the ontogeny of cumaceans. The ratio of number of cumaceans at different stages of ontogeny varies considerably with the seasons. In the summer sexual development of cumacean occurs earlier than in the less warm seasons. A directly proportional relationship was found between body length and fertility of P. pectinata. With decrease in water temperature fertility increases. The corresponding regression equations were obtained. The maximum number of eggs observed in the spring of 2014 – 160 ind. in a female 8.0 mm in length (including the uropod length – 10.2 mm). Mean fecundity was 22 ± 1 and 21 ± 1 ind. in the summer of 2013 and 2014, 40 ± 2 and 32 ± 2 ind. in the autumn of 2013 and 2014, 72 ± 4 ind. in the spring of 2014; during the vegetation season 2014 – 42 ± 2 ind. The smallest oviparous female cumaceans (4–6 mm) were observed in the summer in both years of research with domination of the size group of 4–5 mm. The largest oviparous females (6.1–9.0 mm) were observed in the spring with domination of 6.1–7.0 mm size group. P. pectinata produces at least two generations per year in Sasyk Reservoir. P. pectinata reproduction occurs from March to the beginning of November. The peak of breeding is in early spring (March – April), which contributes to the restoration of population numbers after hibernation. The second stage of reproduction (October – November) is less intense. The lifespan of P. pectinata in the Sasyk Reservoir is about one year. Dependence of individual weight of the body is directly proportional to the length of P. pectinata and varies with the seasons. This article provides a table of the average "size – weight" of cumaceans. The data in this table can be used in ichthyological studies, namely the calculation of the reconstructed weight of the food item – P. pectinata, by size of its undigested chitin skeleton. The maximal length of P. pectinata in Sasyk is 8.5 mm (including uropod length – 10.7 mm), weight – 5 mg, significantly greater than the values specified for the populations of the upper reaches of the Kuibyshev Reservoir and the Caspian Sea. The results of the study significantly complement the existing knowledge of biology and ecology of P. pectinata, and expands our idea of the state of the ecosystem of the Sasyk Reservoir. 

scholarly journals Romanian naval dimplomacy, continuous evolution in the swirl of external diplomacy

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ioan Gabriel Moise ◽  
Edith-Hilde Kaiter
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Eu

From ancient times the dominion of the seas has been a condition for gaining power and influence, and the position of a state near a sea has been an advantage for both its development and the neighboring region.           Due to its geographical position, the Black Sea is a region of great importance for all actors claiming leading positions in the world hierarchy and the intensification of economic relations between the states of the region after the end of the Soviet monopoly and its connection to the world market generated auspices for a new cycle development and regional prosperity.         The relocation of the EU border to the Black Sea, along with the integration of Romania and Bulgaria, brings in many economic benefits, given its dependence on oil imports, but its expansion, like that of NATO, does not only mean benefits. The EU and NATO must also take on vulnerabilities in the area, such as underperforming economies, arms, drug and human trafficking, illegal immigration or frozen conflicts, and thus try to help stabilize the region. In recent years, the military has not only played a destabilizing role, but has made a decisive contribution to ensuring the security of the Black Sea region. In this sense, the military naval forces of the riparian countries, including Romania, had a special role. Through the wide range of missions in which the Romanian Naval Forces participate in the Danubian-Pontic space, both internally and externally, in cooperation with the states bordering the Black Sea and with the NATO member states, Romania contributes to the promotion of regional security and stability. The naval diplomacy actions carried out in the last thirty years thus reveal not only the role and purpose of the Romanian Naval Forces within NATO in the actions of maintaining and consolidating good relations with the states bordering the Black Sea, as well as maintaining security with allies in the distant maritime districts. They also point out that naval diplomacy has contributed to the expression of foreign policy in different areas and with means that have increased its effect, impact and efficiency.  

Climatostratigraphic Scheme of the Black Sea Pleistocene and its Correlation with the Oxygen-Isotope Scale and Glacial Events

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Zubakov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Magnetic Polarity ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Marine Terraces ◽  
Molluscan Fauna ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
A New Species

New evidence from the Asov Sea-Black Sea region shows that after the Cobb Mountain magnetic event (1.1 myr) there were 8 saline water events, with Mediterranean molluscs penetrating into the Asov Sea (five times farther than the western Manych Strait), and 7 or 10 cold freshwater events. During the freshening phase, the Caspian Sea molluscan fauna penetrated into the Black Sea; each time the Caspian mollusc assemblage was characterized by a new species of Didacna. Thus, some 18–20 bioclimatostratigraphic units can be distinguished in the Asov Sea-Black Sea section for the last 1 myr. Their numerical age is estimated by some dozen thermoluminescence dates and 12 magnetic-polarity datum planes. The Karangatian s. lato corresponds to the interval 300,000–50,000 yr, the Uzunlarian to 580,000–300,000 yr, and the Chaudian to 1,100,000–600,000 yr. The Karangatian and Tyrrhenian marine terraces correspond to marine isotope stages 5 and 7, the Uzunlarian and Milazzian to stages 11–15, and the Chaudian and Sicilian to stages 16–28. The number and ages of glacial-interglacial cycles in continental Europe are identical to the climatic cycles in the Black Sea and Mediterranean.

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