scholarly journals Inconsistencies of Foot Type Classification

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raminta Sakalauskaitė ◽  
Danguolė Satkunskienė
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Assessment Scale ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Type Distribution ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
Assessment Scales ◽  
Type Classification

Research background and hypothesis. Literature analysis shows that researchers try to determine which method used for foot type estimation is the most reliable, and look for correlations between directly received foot measurements (indexes, angles) ignoring assessment scales. Given different medial longitudinal arch (MLA) assessment scales, the comparison, discussion and conclusions of the obtained data might be unreliable.Research aim of this study was to determine the reliability of foot type classification: a) to assess correlation links between results from various methods used to analyse foot; b) to identify foot type distribution according to medial longitudinal arch.Research methods. The MLA of 182 feet was assessed using four prevalent foot type evaluation methods: the Chipaux-Smirak Index (CSI), the Staheli Index (SI), the Clarke angle (CLA) and arch index by D. S. Williams (WAI). Pearson’s correlation was used to determine links between foot indexes. Research results. Very strong link was found between CSI and SI footprint indexes, while medium negative correlation was determined between Clarke angle with Chipaux-Smirak (CSI) and Staheli (SI) indexes. Average amount of low arch foot assessed according to the foot type classification scales by the four methods was 64.0  (SD = 65.5), normal foot 92.25 (SD = 51.77) and high arch foot 25.75 (SD = 35.33).Discussion and conclusion. Research showed that current foot arch classification was not reliable. The foot type classification scales presented by F. Forriol, L. T. Staheli, N. M. Clarke and D. S. Williams   define different medial longitudinal foot arch distribution by testing the same pairs of feet despite the correlative link intensity between foot arch indexes.Keywords: footprint, foot arch, assessment scale.

scholarly journals MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF PLANTAR ARCH INDEX AND THE PREVALENCE OF FLATFOOT AMONG TRIBES

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4.1) ◽  
pp. 7782-7787
Author(s):  
Adjei-Antwi Collins ◽  
◽  
Chrissie Stansie Abaidoo ◽  
Nketsiah James ◽  
Joshua Tetteh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Foot Deformity ◽  
Pes Planus ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index

Flatfoot (pes planus), commonest foot deformity caused by the absence or collapse of the medial longitudinal arch. Flatfoot results in serious health problems and postural defects. It is highly variable in different populations with many factors associated. This study was conducted to find the plantar arch index and the prevalence of flatfoot and its relationship with tribes in Ghana. A total of 278 participants (172 males and 106 females) with ages ranging from 16 to 34 years were recruited for the study. Ethical approval and participants’ informed consent were sought prior to the study. Participants were drawn from the Akan, Ewe, Ga-Dangbe and other tribes (Dagomba, Dagabaa, Frafra, Gonja, Wale Wale etc). Foot imprints were taken from each participant using the ink method. The plantar arch index was calculated using the ratio of the width of the central and the heel region of the footprint. The mean right plantar arch index was higher than the left. The prevalence of flatfoot was 15.1% (6.1% unilateral left, 5.8% unilateral right and 3.2% bilateral). The prevalence rate was 15.7% in males and 14.1% in females. The prevalence rates reported for the Ga-Dangbes and Ewes were 30.8% and 23.6% respectively. On the other hand, both Akans and individuals belonging to the other tribes recorded the same prevalence rate of 13.7%. Flatfoot was found to be high among the Ga-Dangbes. Ethnicity as an external factor has a great role in influencing foot arch structure. Also, sex has an influence on the morphology of an individual’s foot. KEY WORDS: Flatfoot, Pes planus, Foot deformity, Medial Longitudinal Arch.

Reliability and Correlation of Static and Dynamic Foot Arch Measurement in a Healthy Pediatric Population

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Scholz ◽  
Astrid Zech ◽  
Karl Wegscheider ◽  
Susanne Lezius ◽  
Klaus-Michael Braumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index

Background: Measurement of the medial longitudinal foot arch in children is a controversial topic, as there are many different methods without a definite standard procedure. The purpose of this study was to 1) investigate intraday and interrater reliability regarding dynamic arch index and static arch height, 2) explore the correlation between both arch indices, and 3) examine the variation of the medial longitudinal arch at two different times of the day. Methods: Eighty-six children (mean ± SD age, 8.9 ± 1.9 years) participated in the study. Dynamic footprint data were captured with a pedobarographic platform. For static arch measurements, a specially constructed caliper was used to assess heel-to-toe length and dorsum height. A mixed model was established to determine reliability and variation. Results: Reliability was found to be excellent for the static arch height index in sitting (intraday, 0.90; interrater, 0.80) and standing positions (0.88 and 0.85) and for the dynamic arch index (both 1.00). There was poor correlation between static and dynamic assessment of the medial longitudinal arch (standing dynamic arch index, r = –0.138; sitting dynamic arch index, r = –0.070). Static measurements were found to be significantly influenced by the time of day (P < .001), whereas the dynamic arch index was unchanged (P = .845). This study revealed some further important findings. The static arch height index is influenced by gender (P = .004), whereas dynamic arch index is influenced by side (P = .011) and body mass index (P < .001). Conclusions: Dynamic and static foot measurements are reliable for medial longitudinal foot arch assessment in children. The variation of static arch measurements during the day has to be kept in mind. For clinical purposes, static and dynamic arch data should be interpreted separately.

Arch Index as a Predictor of Pes Planus

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Igbigbi ◽  
Boniface C. Msamati ◽  
Macfenton B. Shariff
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Warning Sign ◽  
Foot Pain ◽  
Pes Planus ◽  
Early Warning Sign ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
Functional Defects

We determined the arch index of able-bodied indigenous Kenyan and Tanzanian individuals free of foot pain by using their dynamic footprints to classify the foot arch type and determine the prevalence of pes planus according to a previously described method. Males had a significantly higher arch index than females in both groups, and the prevalence of pes planus in Kenyans was 432 per 1,000 population, the highest ever documented and twice as high as that in Tanzanians (203 per 1,000 population). The arch index is useful in determining the prevalence of pes planus and possibly predicting pathologic foot conditions, and it may serve as an early warning sign of structural and functional defects of the foot in a given population. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(3): 273–276, 2005)

scholarly journals EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FOOT ARCH SUPPORTS ON DYNAMIC BALANCE IN NURSING PROFESSIONALS WITH FLATFOOT

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Summaiya Naseem ◽  
Sumaira Imran Farooqui ◽  
Ali Farhad ◽  
Ishrat Parveen ◽  
Tayyaba Jabeen
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Normal Position ◽  
Flat Foot ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Nursing Professionals ◽  
Global Population

BACKGROUND Flat foot, depletion of medial longitudinal arch affects almost 20% of adult global population; approximately 9-14% of schools going children are flat foot making the gender wise prevalence of about 13% girls and 7% boys, 11.25% population of age group between 18-25 years are diagnosed as flat footed. AIM The focus of this study is to device best possible strategy for the nurses to overcome their deformity and live as normal and pain free professional life as possible by providing foot supports that bring foot arches to normal or near normal position. METHOD The subjects were divided into two groups. Group A and Group B. Group A was asked to wear medial wedge support and group B was prescribed heel support for 3 weeks. RESULTS Result shows that both the orthosis are useful in forming the arch of foot, improving the dynamic balance and relieving the symptoms of flatfoot but medial wedge is found to be more efficient as compared to heel support.

Multigroup Comparisons

2016 ◽  
pp. 377-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara M. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Assessment Scale ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Equivalence Testing ◽  
Comparison Research ◽  
Structural Equivalence ◽  
Secondary Female ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Assessment Scales

One common weakness in multigroup comparison research is the pervading assumption that both the assessment scale and the construct(s) it is designed to measure are operating equivalently across the groups of interest. Structural equation modeling (SEM) has long been recognized as the premier methodological approach to test assumptions of equivalence. The primary focus of this chapter is directed toward the use of SEM in testing for the equivalence (also termed “invariance”) of assessment scales across independent groups. The purposes are threefold: (a) to explicate the basic notions underlying the concepts of measurement and structural equivalence; (b) to outline and describe the hierarchical set of steps involved in testing for measurement and structural equivalence; and (c) to provide an annotated, yet concise illustration of this equivalence-testing process as it relates to a commonly used assessment scale designed to measure teacher burnout across elementary and secondary female teachers.

Reliability of a New Method to Determine Foot Arch Height for Clinicians

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
James A. Charles ◽  
Clare Mignot ◽  
Herbert F. Jelinek
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Routine Clinical Practice ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Processing Steps

Background: Arch height is an important indicator of risk of foot pathology. The current non-invasive gold standard based on footprint information requires extensive pre-processing. Methods used to obtain arch height that are accurate and easier to use are required in routine clinical practice. Methods: The proposed arch index diagonals (AId) method for determining the arch index (AI) reduces the complexity of the preprocessing steps. All footprints were first prepared as required by the Cavanagh and Rodgers method for determining the AI and then compared to the proposed diagonals method. Results were classified according to the Cavanagh and Rodgers cut-off values into three groups of low, normal and high AI. ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were applied to identify significant differences between AI groups. Linear modeling was applied to determine the fit of the new AId method compared to the Cavanagh and Rodgers AI. Results: One hundred and ninety-six footprints were analyzed. The ANOVA indicated significant differences between the groups for AId (F1,194=94.49, p<0.0001) and the Tukey post hoc tests indicated significant differences between the pair-wise comparisons (p<0.001). Linear modeling indicated that the AId ratio classified more footprints in the high arch group compared to Cavanagh and Rodgers results (R2=32%, p< 0.01). Intra- and inter-rater correspondence was above 90% and confirmed that the AId results provided a better indication of arch height. Conclusions: The proposed method simplifies current processing steps to derive the arch height.

Effect of Running Shoe Type on the Distribution and Magnitude of Plantar Pressures in Individuals with Low- or High-Arched Feet

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Molloy ◽  
Douglas S. Christie ◽  
Deydre S. Teyhen ◽  
Nancy S. Yeykal ◽  
Bradley S. Tragord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Control ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Arch Index

Background: Research addressing the effect of running shoe type on the low- or high-arched foot during gait is limited. We sought 1) to analyze mean plantar pressure and mean contact area differences between low- and high-arched feet across three test conditions, 2) to determine which regions of the foot (rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot) contributed to potential differences in mean plantar pressure and mean contact area, and 3) to determine the association between the static arch height index and the dynamic modified arch index. Methods: Plantar pressure distributions for 75 participants (40 low arched and 35 high arched) were analyzed across three conditions (nonshod, motion control running shoes, and cushioning running shoes) during treadmill walking. Results: In the motion control and cushioning shoe conditions, mean plantar contact area increased in the midfoot (28% for low arched and 68% for high arched), whereas mean plantar pressure decreased by approximately 30% relative to the nonshod condition. There was moderate to good negative correlation between the arch height index and the modified arch index. Conclusions: Cushioning and motion control running shoes tend to increase midfoot mean plantar contact area while decreasing mean plantar pressure across the low- or high-arched foot. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(4): 330–338, 2009)

DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUGMENTED REALITY-ORIENTED GAME SYSTEM FOR STROKE REHABILITATION ASSESSMENT

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (05) ◽  
pp. 435-445
Author(s):  
Ren-Guey Lee ◽  
Sheng-Chung Tien ◽  
Chun-Chang Chen ◽  
Yu-Ying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Assessment Scale ◽  
Accuracy Rate ◽  
Virtual Objects ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Assessment Scales ◽  
Rehabilitation Assessment

In this paper, rehabilitation tools are proposed and implemented to assist patients with stroke and body dysfunction via auxiliary physical activity. By integrating the entertainment of games and the needs of rehabilitation and utilizing motor assessment scale (MAS) as the building blocks, we propose a game system developed for assessment of stroke rehabilitation by using augmented reality (AR) technology. By means of application of AR Markers and based on related parameters of Wii remotes, various assessment games have been implemented, and vivid pictures can be presented to users via a head-mounted display by seamless combination of real environment and virtual objects. This game system takes various assessment scales into consideration, and each scale is specifically designed and individually integrated to enable the relevant capacity for assessment of motor functions. According to the experimental results, the accuracy rate of the users in successfully following the game steps is 91.2%, and the accuracy rate of the system in assessing the MAS categories is as high as 94.6%, which confirms the feasibility of our proposed and implemented rehabilitation game system.

Use of Plantar Contact Area to Predict Medial Longitudinal Arch Height During Walking

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. McPoil ◽  
Mark W. Cornwall
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Surface Contact ◽  
Surface Contact Area ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
Vertical Height

A study was conducted to determine whether plantar surface contact area measures calculated from footprints collected during walking can be used to predict the height of the medial longitudinal arch. Thirty healthy women participated in the study. Arch height was determined by the distance from the navicular tuberosity to the floor and by the “bony” arch index. Dynamic plantar surface contact area was recorded using a pressure platform as the subjects walked across a 12-m walkway. The arch index and the total plantar surface contact area were determined from the pressure sensor data. The results indicated that plantar surface contact area could be used to estimate only approximately 27% of the height of the medial longitudinal arch as determined by navicular tuberosity height and the bony arch index. These findings demonstrate the inability of the clinician to predict the vertical height of the medial longitudinal arch on the basis of the amount of foot plantar surface area in contact with the ground during walking. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(6): 489-494, 2006)

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