Reliability of a New Method to Determine Foot Arch Height for Clinicians

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
James A. Charles ◽  
Clare Mignot ◽  
Herbert F. Jelinek
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Routine Clinical Practice ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Processing Steps

Background: Arch height is an important indicator of risk of foot pathology. The current non-invasive gold standard based on footprint information requires extensive pre-processing. Methods used to obtain arch height that are accurate and easier to use are required in routine clinical practice. Methods: The proposed arch index diagonals (AId) method for determining the arch index (AI) reduces the complexity of the preprocessing steps. All footprints were first prepared as required by the Cavanagh and Rodgers method for determining the AI and then compared to the proposed diagonals method. Results were classified according to the Cavanagh and Rodgers cut-off values into three groups of low, normal and high AI. ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were applied to identify significant differences between AI groups. Linear modeling was applied to determine the fit of the new AId method compared to the Cavanagh and Rodgers AI. Results: One hundred and ninety-six footprints were analyzed. The ANOVA indicated significant differences between the groups for AId (F1,194=94.49, p<0.0001) and the Tukey post hoc tests indicated significant differences between the pair-wise comparisons (p<0.001). Linear modeling indicated that the AId ratio classified more footprints in the high arch group compared to Cavanagh and Rodgers results (R2=32%, p< 0.01). Intra- and inter-rater correspondence was above 90% and confirmed that the AId results provided a better indication of arch height. Conclusions: The proposed method simplifies current processing steps to derive the arch height.

scholarly journals Foot Arch Characterization

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuping Xiong ◽  
Ravindra S. Goonetilleke ◽  
Channa P. Witana ◽  
Thilina W. Weerasinghe ◽  
Emily Yim Lee Au
Keyword(s):  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Foot Length ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
The Right ◽  
Peak Pressures

Background: The medial longitudinal arch of the foot is important because it helps protect the foot from injury. Researchers have developed many measures to quantify the characteristics of the arch, and there is ongoing debate about the suitability of these different metrics. This article compares the various measures related to the foot arch, including a new metric, the midfoot dorsal angle, and then investigates the differences in the dimensional measures among various foot types. Methods: The right feet of 48 healthy individuals (24 men and 24 women) were measured, and various metrics, including the arch height index, the navicular height to arch length ratio, the arch index, the footprint index, the subjective ranking, the modified arch index, the malleolar valgus index, and the midfoot dorsal angle, were determined. Results: Correlation analyses showed that the arch index obtained from the inked footprint has a moderate to high correlation (Pearson correlation coefficients >0.50) with all measured foot-type metrics except for the malleolar valgus index. There were no differences in participant age, stature, weight, body mass index, foot length, foot width, and midfoot height among high, normal, and low foot arches. However, the high-arched group had significantly shorter arch lengths but larger navicular heights and higher midfoot dorsal angles compared with the low-arched group. There were differences in force distributions and peak pressures as well. The rearfoot had more loading and greater peak pressure whereas the midfoot had less load in the high-arched group compared with the low-arched group. Conclusions: The midfoot dorsal angle may be an appropriate metric for characterizing the foot arch because it is quick and easy to measure, without the tedious procedures associated with area calculations and dimension measurements. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 100(1): 14–24, 2010)

scholarly journals The impact of foot arch height on quality of life in 6-12 year olds

2014 ◽  
pp. 168-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel López López ◽  
Mª de los Ángeles Bouza Prego ◽  
Ana Requeijo Constenla ◽  
Jesús Luis Saleta Canosa ◽  
Adolfo Bautista Casasnovas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Foot Health ◽  
Foot Diseases ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To determine whether arch height has an effect on the health-related quality of life of schoolchildren. Methods: One hundred and thirteen schoolchildren attended an out-patient centre where self-reported data were recorded, their feet were classified into one of three groups according to their arch index (high, normal or low) and the scores obtained from the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ - Spanish version) were compared. Results: The groups with high, low and normal arch recorded lower scores in Section One for the general foot health and footwear domains and higher scores in foot pain and foot function. In Section Two they obtained lower scores in general health and higher scores in physical activity, social capacity and vigour. Conclusions: Comparison of the scores obtained reveals that arch height has a negative impact on quality of life. Given the limited extent of available evidence in respect of the aetiology and treatment of foot diseases and deformities, these findings reveal the need to implement programmes to promote foot health and carry out further research into this commonly occurring disabling condition.

Reliability and Correlation of Static and Dynamic Foot Arch Measurement in a Healthy Pediatric Population

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Scholz ◽  
Astrid Zech ◽  
Karl Wegscheider ◽  
Susanne Lezius ◽  
Klaus-Michael Braumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index

Background: Measurement of the medial longitudinal foot arch in children is a controversial topic, as there are many different methods without a definite standard procedure. The purpose of this study was to 1) investigate intraday and interrater reliability regarding dynamic arch index and static arch height, 2) explore the correlation between both arch indices, and 3) examine the variation of the medial longitudinal arch at two different times of the day. Methods: Eighty-six children (mean ± SD age, 8.9 ± 1.9 years) participated in the study. Dynamic footprint data were captured with a pedobarographic platform. For static arch measurements, a specially constructed caliper was used to assess heel-to-toe length and dorsum height. A mixed model was established to determine reliability and variation. Results: Reliability was found to be excellent for the static arch height index in sitting (intraday, 0.90; interrater, 0.80) and standing positions (0.88 and 0.85) and for the dynamic arch index (both 1.00). There was poor correlation between static and dynamic assessment of the medial longitudinal arch (standing dynamic arch index, r = –0.138; sitting dynamic arch index, r = –0.070). Static measurements were found to be significantly influenced by the time of day (P < .001), whereas the dynamic arch index was unchanged (P = .845). This study revealed some further important findings. The static arch height index is influenced by gender (P = .004), whereas dynamic arch index is influenced by side (P = .011) and body mass index (P < .001). Conclusions: Dynamic and static foot measurements are reliable for medial longitudinal foot arch assessment in children. The variation of static arch measurements during the day has to be kept in mind. For clinical purposes, static and dynamic arch data should be interpreted separately.

IMPACT OF BMI AND FOOT ARCH HEIGHT ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCES

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 426
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Selvaganapathy ◽  
Roshini Rajappan ◽  
Geeta Soohinda ◽  
Hu Mey Mai
Keyword(s):  
Arch Height ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Physical Performances

Diagnostic efficacy and suitability of trans-thoracic ultrasonography for pleural fluid detection – The future non-invasive gold-standard?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-190
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Abdul Rasheed Qureshi ◽  
Zeeshan Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Amjad Ramzan ◽  
Tehmina Naeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Pleural Fluid ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Pleural Effusions ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Chest Sonography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fluid Detection

ABSTRACT Background: Conventionally Pleural effusions are suspected by history of pleuritis, evaluated by physical signs and multiple view radiography. Trans-thoracic pleural aspiration is done and aspirated pleural fluid is considered the gold-standard for pleural effusion. Chest sonography has the advantage of having high diagnostic efficacy over radiography for the detection of pleural effusion. Furthermore, ultrasonography is free from radiation hazards, inexpensive, readily available  and feasible for use in ICU, pregnant and pediatric patients. This study aims to explore the diagnostic accuracy of trans-thoracic ultrasonography for pleural fluid detection, which is free of such disadvantages. The objective is to determine the diagnostic efficacy of trans-thoracic ultrasound for detecting pleural effusion and also to assess its suitability for being a non-invasive gold-standard.   Subject and Methods: This retrospective study of 4597 cases was conducted at pulmonology  OPD-Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore from November 2016 to July 2018. Adult patients with clinical features suggesting pleural effusions were included while those where no suspicion of pleural effusion, patients < 14 years and pregnant ladies were excluded. Patients were subjected to chest x-ray PA and Lateral views and chest ultrasonography was done by a senior qualified radiologist in OPD. Ultrasound-guided pleural aspiration was done in OPD & fluid was sent for analysis. At least 10ml aspirated fluid was considered as diagnostic for pleural effusion. Patient files containing history, physical examination, x-ray reports, ultrasound reports, pleural aspiration notes and informed consent were retrieved, reviewed and findings were recorded in the preformed proforma. Results were tabulated and conclusion was drawn by statistical analysis. Results: Out of 4597 cases, 4498 pleural effusion were manifested on CXR and only 2547(56.62%) pleural effusions were proved by ultrasound while 2050 (45.57%) cases were reported as no Pleural effusion. Chest sonography demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy 100 % each. Conclusions: Trans-thoracic ultrasonography revealed an excellent efficacy that is why it can be considered as non-invasive gold standard for the detection of pleural effusion.

scholarly journals A functional linear modeling approach to sleep–wake cycles in dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hope J. Woods ◽  
Ming Fei Li ◽  
Ujas A. Patel ◽  
B. Duncan X. Lascelles ◽  
David R. Samson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Activity Monitors ◽  
Companion Dogs ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
The Times

AbstractThe study of companion (pet) dogs is an area of great translational potential, as they share a risk for many conditions that afflict humans. Among these are conditions that affect sleep, including chronic pain and cognitive dysfunction. Significant advancements have occurred in the ability to study sleep in dogs, including development of non-invasive polysomnography; however, basic understanding of dog sleep patterns remains poorly characterized. The purpose of this study was to establish baseline sleep–wake cycle and activity patterns using actigraphy and functional linear modeling (FLM), for healthy, adult companion dogs. Forty-two dogs were enrolled and wore activity monitors for 14 days. FLM demonstrated a bimodal pattern of activity with significant effects of sex, body mass, and age; the effect of age was particularly evident during the times of peak activity. This study demonstrated that FLM can be used to describe normal sleep–wake cycles of healthy adult dogs and the effects of physiologic traits on these patterns of activity. This foundation makes it possible to characterize deviations from normal patterns, including those associated with chronic pain and cognitive dysfunction syndrome. This can improve detection of these conditions in dogs, benefitting them and their potential as models for human disease.

scholarly journals Buccal swabs as non-invasive specimens for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 030006052110169
Author(s):  
Ritu Gaur ◽  
Dipesh Kumar Verma ◽  
Ritin Mohindra ◽  
Kapil Goyal ◽  
Shipra Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Buccal Swab ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Human Rnase ◽  
Buccal Swabs ◽  
Reverse Transcription Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Env Protein

Introduction The current gold standard for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA involves subjecting nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs to reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). However, both sample types need to be collected by trained professionals. Using self-collected buccal swabs as an alternative could simplify and accelerate diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective To assess self-collected buccal swab samples as an alternative method for SARS-CoV-2 detection in patients with COVID-19. Methods Buccal swab samples were self-collected by 73 patients with COVID-19. Total RNA was extracted using Qiagen kits. RNA encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Env protein and human RNase P as an internal control was amplified using the TRUPCR® SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR kit version 2.1 and a Bio-Rad CFX96 Real-Time Detection System. Result The sensitivity of RT-qPCR from buccal swabs was 58.9% (43/73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 46.77%–70.27%) and that of RT-qPCR from saliva was 62.90% (39/62; 95% CI 49.69%–74.84%) taking positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR from nasopharyngeal swabs as the gold standard. Conclusion Self-collected buccal swabs are promising alternatives to nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs for SARS CoV-2 detection.

Diagnostic accuracy of Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio (iFR) for the assessment of myocardial ischaemia: a comparison with non-invasive stress imaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Stazzoni ◽  
L Tessandori ◽  
P Spontoni ◽  
M Angelillis ◽  
C Giannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Myocardial Ischaemia ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Coronary Revascularization ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Invasive Coronary Angiography ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Coronary Stenoses ◽  
Epicardial Stenosis

Abstract Background Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio (iFR) allows for the assessment of the haemodynamic effects of epicardial coronary stenoses without the need for hyperaemia; iFR is currently recommended as a means to evaluate myocardial ischaemia. Purpose To assess the diagnostic accuracy of iFR with respect to the identification of coronary epicardial stenoses causing ischemia. Therefore, we combined anatomical (% stenosis at invasive coronary angiography, ICA) and functional (non-invasive imaging stress test, NIST) information to obtain a “gold standard” for the identification of stenoses causing ischaemia. Methods We enrolled 71 patients (52 male, 19 female; age mean 68.4±8.1 years) with chronic coronary syndrome or low-risk acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation who had at least a NIST and who had at least one vessel with a 50%-85% stenosis at ICA. iFR was measured in all coronary arteries with stenosis &gt;50% and categorised according to the 0.89 threshold for ischaemia. Results iFR was assessed in 122 vessels. In a per-vessel analysis, in 56.7% ischaemia was present both at iFR and NIST, in 21.3% ischaemia was absent in both, while in 23.0% ischaemia was found at NIST but not confirmed by iFR. The overall accuracy of iFR with respect to NIST was 90.1%. However, when considering as the “gold standard” for coronary disease causing ischaemia the contemporary presence of an epicardial stenosis &gt;70% at ICA and a positive NIST, the diagnostic accuracy of iFR greatly improved. The sensibility, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy were 96.5%, 75.0%, 73.3%, 96.7% and 84.4%, respectively. In case of discordance between NIST and iFR, revascularization was based on iFR. At a mean follow-up of 23±18 months, the composite endpoint of MACE (major adverse cardiac events, defined as the composite of all-cause death, nonfatal MI and unplanned coronary revascularization) occurred in 16.4%, while death/MI occurred in 11.9%. Stratification according to the per-patient concordance between iFR and NIST showed no significant differences in rates of MACE (p=0.50) and death/MI (p=0.20). Stratification based on iFR showed a higher death/MI rate in iFR-positive patients (11.9% vs. 0%, p=0.047) and a trend to higher MACE rate (11.9% vs. 4.47% p=0.14), Conclusions The diagnostic accuracy of iFR is low when compared with NIST as the reference for myocardial ischaemia, but it is very high when compared with the combined presence of epicardial stenosis and positive NIST. Therefore, iFR can accurately guide the decision to treat or defer revascularization of intermediate coronary stenoses, being most useful in patients with multivessel CAD and when non-invasive functional data are lacking or discordant with anatomy. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Arch Index as a Predictor of Pes Planus

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Igbigbi ◽  
Boniface C. Msamati ◽  
Macfenton B. Shariff
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Warning Sign ◽  
Foot Pain ◽  
Pes Planus ◽  
Early Warning Sign ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index ◽  
Functional Defects

We determined the arch index of able-bodied indigenous Kenyan and Tanzanian individuals free of foot pain by using their dynamic footprints to classify the foot arch type and determine the prevalence of pes planus according to a previously described method. Males had a significantly higher arch index than females in both groups, and the prevalence of pes planus in Kenyans was 432 per 1,000 population, the highest ever documented and twice as high as that in Tanzanians (203 per 1,000 population). The arch index is useful in determining the prevalence of pes planus and possibly predicting pathologic foot conditions, and it may serve as an early warning sign of structural and functional defects of the foot in a given population. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(3): 273–276, 2005)

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