scholarly journals Vitamin D3 Action Within the Ovary – an Updated Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
M GRZESIAK
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Vitamin D3 Deficiency

Vitamin D3 is well-known as a major regulator of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. A growing body of evidence highlights its crucial role in the regulation of reproductive processes in females. The role of vitamin D3 in the female reproductive tract has been extensively investigated because its receptor is abundant in reproductive organs, including ovary. Importantly, besides expression of vitamin D3 receptor, the ovary is an extrarenal site of vitamin D3 metabolism. The influence of vitamin D3 on follicular development and ovarian steroidogenesis has been investigated. Furthermore, vitamin D3 deficiency has also been associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure and ovarian cancer. The objective of this review is to summarize our knowledge about the contribution of vitamin D3 to physiological and pathological processes within the ovary.

scholarly journals Adipokines and the Female Reproductive Tract

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Reverchon ◽  
Christelle Ramé ◽  
Michael Bertoldo ◽  
Joëlle Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Endocrine Effect ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis

It is well known that adipose tissue can influence puberty, sexual maturation, and fertility in different species. Adipose tissue secretes molecules called adipokines which most likely have an endocrine effect on reproductive function. It has been revealed over the last few years that adipokines are functionally implicated at all levels of the reproductive axis including the gonad and hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Many studies have shown the presence and the role of the adipokines and their receptors in the female reproductive tract of different species. These adipokines regulate ovarian steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation, and embryo development. They are also present in the uterus and placenta where they could create a favorable environment for embryonic implantation and play a key role in maternal-fetal metabolism communication and gestation. Reproductive functions are strongly dependent on energy balance, and thereby metabolic abnormalities can lead to the development of some pathophysiologies such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adipokines could be a link between reproduction and energy metabolism and could partly explain some infertility related to obesity or PCOS.

scholarly journals Evaluation of vitamin D3 in patients of polycystic ovary syndrome and their correlation

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 2010
Author(s):  
Rooplekha Chauhan ◽  
Sonal Sahani ◽  
Ankita Garg
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Vitamin D3 Deficiency

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is enigma faced by young females since the onset of urbanization. As on day, PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder in the women of reproductive age affecting 4-10%. This study done to measure serum vitamin D3 levels of PCOS patients and to identify its association with factors associated with various symptoms and signs in PCOS.Methods: Institutional based prospective observational study conducted on 70 patients of PCOS, both suspected and already diagnosed, attending gynecology OPD of Department of obstetrics and gynecology of NSCB Medical College Jabalpur from 1 March 2015 to 31 August 2016. Diagnosis of PCOS was made by Rotterdam 2003 criteria. A detailed assessment was done and preformed proforma was filled. Serum Vitamin D3 levels were estimated by standard lab technique ‘Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry’ and categorized into vitamin D3 sufficient >30ng/dl, insufficient 20-29ng/dl and deficient <20ng/dl. Categorical data was coded numerically before the analysis. For comparison of frequency distribution chi square test or fisher’s exact test were applied as appropriate.Results: Prevalence of Vitamin D3 deficiency in patients of PCOS was found to be 84.3%.Conclusions: The present study concludes that there is correlation between vitamin D3 and PCOS, screening and correction of vitamin D3 deficiency may prevent PCOS and its manifestations. Hence, it is speculated that improvement of vitamin D3 levels at a younger age can contribute to prevention of PCOS.

scholarly journals Hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovarian syndrome and role of CYP gene variants: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sairish Ashraf ◽  
Mudasar Nabi ◽  
Shayaq ul Abeer Rasool ◽  
Fouzia Rashid ◽  
Shajrul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Pulse Frequency ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Ovarian Morphology ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Hallmark Feature ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

Abstract Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine disorder characterized by anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology. The pathophysiology of PCOS is not clear; however, disturbance in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and abnormal steroidogenesis along with genetic and environmental factors act as main contributors to this disorder. Main text Hyperandrogenism, the hallmark feature of PCOS, is clinically manifested as hirsutism, acne, and alopecia. Excessive androgen production by ovaries as well as from adrenals contributes to hyperandrogenism. Abnormalities in the neuroendocrine system like increased pulse frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, stimulating the pituitary for excessive production of luteinizing hormone than that of follicle-stimulating hormone is seen in PCOS women. Excess LH stimulates ovarian androgen production, whereas a relative deficit in FSH impairs follicular development. The imbalance in LH: FSH causes proliferation of ovarian theca cells leading to increased steroidogenesis, and ultimately leading to hyperandrogenism in PCOS women. Various genetic factors have been shown to be associated with abnormal steroidogenesis. CYP genes involved in steroidogenesis play an important role in androgen production and are considered as key players in hyperandrogenism in PCOS. Conclusion Polymorphisms in CYP genes can aggravate the hyperandrogenic phenotype in women with PCOS by either upregulating or downregulating their expression, thus increasing androgens further. However, this hypothesis needs to be validated by further studies.

scholarly journals CBX2 and the Ovary: Novel Insights into Regulatory Networks in Humans

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Female Gonad ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Human Ovaries

Background: Chromobox protein homolog 2 (CBX2) is a DNA-interacting protein present in humans in two isoforms, CBX2.1 and CBX2.2. Isoform-1 promotes testis development, butthe role of both variants in the female gonad pathway remains unknown. Methods: To understand its function in human ovaries, we evaluated expression of known female genes i.e.FOXL2, RSPO1 and WNT4 in human pre-granulosa cells after forced expression and RNA interference of CBX2 isoforms and vice versa. Results: The two isoforms appeared to be functionally distinct. CBX2.1 has proved to be a pro-male by enhancing SOX9, SF1 and androgen receptor (AR) expression, whereas CBX2.2 might be partly pro-female most likely via interaction with RSPO1 and the regulation of ovary developmental markers (i.e. OCT-4, AMH and ERβ). Conclusions: Both CBX2 isoforms might act as distinct regulatory agents protecting granulosa cells from uncontrolled growth and proliferation by adjusting WNT4 and RSPO1 signaling pathways, and participate to follicular development and fate by regulating the expression of SF1 and AR, thus potentially influencing fertility, menopause, ovarian cancer and perhaps polycystic ovary syndrome.

scholarly journals Dynamic expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 in reproductive organs of female mice

Reproduction ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep S Tanwar ◽  
James R McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Bone Morphogenetic Protein ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Morphogenetic Protein

Various members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family have been shown to regulate mammalian follicular development by affecting granulosa cell proliferation and steroidogenesis.In situhybridization studies have shown expression of BMPR1A, BMPR1B, and BMPR2 in the granulosa cells and oocyte of most of the follicles in the ovary, suggesting that these cells have the capacity to respond to BMP signaling. Although much is known about BMP4 signaling, its expression pattern in the female reproductive tract (FRT) is still unclear. The objective of the current study was to characterize the expression of BMP4 and its downstream target proteins (pSMAD1/5/8) in the FRT. In the ovary, BMP4 protein was detected in all the stages of follicular development. Staining for pSMAD1/5/8 was observed in granulosa cells and oocytes of all the stages of follicular development including primordial follicles, suggesting that these follicles are responsive to autocrine/paracrine BMP signaling. In the uterus, BMP4 and pSMAD1/5/8 staining was observed in all three compartments and strongest expression was observed during the estrus phase. BMP4- and pSMAD1/5/8-specific staining was also observed in oviductal epithelium. Different forms (apparent MW: 50, 35, and 15 kDa) of BMP4 were detected in mouse ovary by western blot analysis. In conclusion, these results have defined BMP4 and pSMAD1/5/8 protein expression in the mouse FRT and highlighted the importance of BMP4 in folliculogenesis.

The role of vitamin D in metabolic and reproductive disturbances of polycystic ovary syndrome: A narrative mini-review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Daniela Menichini ◽  
Gianpiero Forte ◽  
Beatrice Orrù ◽  
Giuseppe Gullo ◽  
Vittorio Unfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Endometrial Receptivity ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Beneficial Role

Abstract. Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that plays a pivotal role in several metabolic and reproductive pathways in humans. Increasing evidence supports the role of vitamin D deficiency in metabolic disturbances and infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Indeed, supplementation with vitamin D seems to have a beneficial role on insulin resistance and endometrial receptivity. On the other hand, exceedingly high levels of vitamin D appear to play a detrimental role on oocytes development and embryo quality. In the current review, we summarize the available evidence about the topic, aiming to suggest the best supplementation strategy in women with PCOS or, more generally, in those with metabolic disturbances and infertility. Based on the retrieved data, vitamin D seems to have a beneficial role on IR, insulin sensitivity and endometrial receptivity, but high levels and incorrect timing of administration seem to have a detrimental role on oocytes development and embryo quality. Therefore, we encourage a low dose supplementation (400–800 IU/day) particularly in vitamin D deficient women that present metabolic disturbances like PCOS. As far as the reproductive health, we advise vitamin D supplementation in selected populations, only during specific moments of the ovarian cycle, to support the luteal phase. However, ambiguities about dosage and timing of the supplementation still emerge from the clinical studies published to date and further studies are required.

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