scholarly journals A new look at transudation: the apocrine connection

2020 ◽  
pp. 227-244
Author(s):  
R. Farkaš ◽  
M. Beňo ◽  
D. Beňová-Liszeková ◽  
I. Raška ◽  
O. Raška
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Endosomal Sorting ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Apical Pole ◽  
Secretion Process ◽  
Apocrine Secretion ◽  
Basolateral Side ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Common ◽  
New Look

Transcellular trafficking in which various molecules are transported across the interior of a cell, is commonly classified as transcytosis. However, historically this term has been used synonymously with transudation. In both cases transcellular trafficking starts with the internalization of proteins or other compounds on the basal or basolateral side of a cell and continues by their transport across the interior to the apical pole (or vice versa) where they are subsequently released. This allows a cell to release products which are synthesized elsewhere. Here, we discuss the common features of both transcytosis and transudation, and that which differentiates them. It appears that transcytosis and transudation are identical in terms of vesicular import and endosomal sorting of cargo, but completely differ in the re-secretion process. Specialized epithelial cells re-release substantial quantities of the endocytosed material, and often also a great variety. Some recent studies indicate that this is achieved by non-canonical apocrine secretion rather than by the regular vesicular mechanism of exocytosis, and takes place only on the apical pole. This massive re-release of endocytosed proteins, and potentially other compounds via the apocrine mechanism should be considered as transudation, distinct from transcytosis.

scholarly journals ALIX and ceramide differentially control polarized exosome release from epithelial cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahide Matsui ◽  
Shu Hiragi ◽  
Futaba Osaki ◽  
Yuriko Sakamaki ◽  
Mitsunori Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Endosomal Sorting ◽  
Apical Side ◽  
Basolateral Side ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Ceramide Production

AbstractExosomes, new players in cell-cell communication, are extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin. Although single cells are known to release various kinds of exosomes (referred to as exosomal heterogeneity), very little is known about the mechanisms by which they are produced and released. Here, we established methods for studying exosomal heterogeneity by using polarized epithelial cells and showed that distinct types of exosomes are differentially secreted from the apical and basolateral sides. We also identified GPRC5C (G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member C) as an apical-exosome-specific protein. We further demonstrated that basolateral exosome release depends on ceramide, whereas ALIX, an ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport)-related protein, not the ESCRT machinery itself, is required for apical exosome secretion. Thus, two independent machineries, the ALIX–Syntenin1– Syndecan1 machinery (apical side) and the sphingomyelinase-dependent ceramide production machinery (basolateral side), are likely to be responsible for the polarized exosome release from epithelial cells.

Aposematism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme D. Ruxton ◽  
William L. Allen ◽  
Thomas N. Sherratt ◽  
Michael P. Speed
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Warning Coloration ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Initial Evolution ◽  
The Common ◽  
Aposematic Signals

Aposematism is the pairing of two kinds of defensive phenotype: an often repellent secondary defence that typically renders prey unprofitable to predators if they attack them and some evolved signal that indicates the presence of that defence. Aposematic signals often work to modify the behaviours of predators both before and during attacks. Warning coloration, for example, may increase wariness and hence improve the chances that a chemically defended prey is released unharmed after an attack. An aposematic signal may therefore first tend to reduce the probability that a predator commences attack (a primary defence) and then (as a component of secondary defence) reduce the probability that the prey is injured or killed during any subsequent attack. In this chapter we will consider both the primary and the secondary effects of aposematic signals on prey protection. We begin first by describing the common features of aposematic signals and attempting to show the wide use to which aposematic signalling is deployed across animals (and perhaps plants too). We then review the interesting evolutionary issues aposematic signals raise, including their initial evolution and their integration with sexual and other signals. We also discuss important ecological, co-evolutionary, and macroevolutionary consequences of aposematism.

A comparison of the changes in the patterns of the usage and categorization of the classifier ‘ben 本’ in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Jeong-A Jo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Korean Chinese ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to examine the common features and differences in how the Chinese-character classifier ‘ ben 本’ is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, and will explore the factors that have affected the categorization processes and patterns of the classifier ‘ ben 本.’ Consideration of the differences in the patterns of usage and categorization of the same Chinese classifier in different languages enables us to look into the perception of the world and the socio cultural differences inherent in each language, the differences in the perception of Chinese characters, and the relationship between classifiers.

scholarly journals Homeostatic Functions of Tecrem, a CD46-Like Regulatory Protein of Complement Activation, on Epithelial Cells in Carp Fish

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Harsha Prakash ◽  
Shiori Motobe ◽  
Takahiro Nagasawa ◽  
Tomonori Somamoto ◽  
Miki Nakao
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Microbial Invasion ◽  
Epithelial Cell Lines ◽  
Expression Behavior ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ginbuna Crucian Carp ◽  
Junction Proteins

Fish mucosal surface is a significant interface for pathogens to infect from an aqueous environment. In addition to mucosal innate and adaptive immune factors, epithelial cells are considered as a significant physical barrier against microbial invasion. Previously, we identified a mammalian CD46-like complement regulatory protein (Tecrem) in teleost and detected its expression on epithelial cells derived from fin, suggesting its physiological role on the fish surface. This study examines the homeostatic roles of Tecrem in maintaining the fish epithelium, by analyzing the expression behavior of Tecrem on the fin-derived epithelial cell lines (KF-1 from the common carp and CFS from ginbuna crucian carp) using monoclonal and polyclonal anti-Tecrem antibodies. Expression of KF-1 protein was associated with the adhesion of KF-1, and the adhesion was enhanced by anti-Tecrem treatments of the cells. Stimulation of the epithelial cells with anti-Tecrem enhanced wound healing, protein expression of tight-junction proteins, and cell density of the KF-1 and CFS monolayer culture. These results suggest that Tecrem on epithelial cells play a homeostatic role in maintaining intactness of the surface epithelial barrier, implying that modification of Tecrem expression may develop a novel tool to improve the first-line defense against pathogens in aquaculture.

scholarly journals On Exact and Approximate Approaches for Stochastic Receptor-Ligand Competition Dynamics—An Ecological Perspective

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1014
Author(s):  
Polly-Anne Jeffrey ◽  
Martín López-García ◽  
Mario Castro ◽  
Grant Lythe ◽  
Carmen Molina-París
Keyword(s):  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Steady State Distribution ◽  
State Distribution ◽  
Cellular Receptors ◽  
Stochastic Description ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Common Resource ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cellular Medium

Cellular receptors on the cell membrane can bind ligand molecules in the extra-cellular medium to form ligand-bound monomers. These interactions ultimately determine the fate of a cell through the resulting intra-cellular signalling cascades. Often, several receptor types can bind a shared ligand leading to the formation of different monomeric complexes, and in turn to competition for the common ligand. Here, we describe competition between two receptors which bind a common ligand in terms of a bi-variate stochastic process. The stochastic description is important to account for fluctuations in the number of molecules. Our interest is in computing two summary statistics—the steady-state distribution of the number of bound monomers and the time to reach a threshold number of monomers of a given kind. The matrix-analytic approach developed in this manuscript is exact, but becomes impractical as the number of molecules in the system increases. Thus, we present novel approximations which can work under low-to-moderate competition scenarios. Our results apply to systems with a larger number of population species (i.e., receptors) competing for a common resource (i.e., ligands), and to competition systems outside the area of molecular dynamics, such as Mathematical Ecology.

Addressing common errors and misconceptions in integral calculus with clickers and classroom voting

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-85
Author(s):  
Kelly Cline ◽  
Holly Zullo ◽  
David A Huckaby
Keyword(s):  
Correct Answer ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Small Group Discussion ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Integral Calculus ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Incorrect Answer ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Common student errors and misconceptions can be addressed through the method of classroom voting, in which the instructor presents a multiple-choice question to the class, and after a few minutes for consideration and small-group discussion, each student votes on the correct answer, using a clicker or a phone. If a large number of students have voted for one particular incorrect answer, the instructor can recognize and address the issue. In order to identify multiple-choice questions that are especially effective at provoking common errors and misconceptions, we recorded the percentages of students voting for each option on each question used in 25 sections of integral calculus, taught by 7 instructors, at 4 institutions, over the course of 12 years, on a collection of 172 questions. We restricted our analysis to the 115 questions which were voted on by at least 5 different classes. We present the six questions that caused the largest percentages of students to vote for a particular incorrect answer, discuss how we used these questions in the classroom, and examine the common features of these questions. Further, we look for correlations between question characteristics and the mean percentage of students voting for common errors on these questions, and we find that questions based on general cases have higher percentages of students voting for common errors.

scholarly journals Crystal structure of a new monoclinic polymorph ofN-(4-methylphenyl)-3-nitropyridin-2-amine

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
Aina Mardia Akhmad Aznan ◽  
Zanariah Abdullah ◽  
Vannajan Sanghiran Lee ◽  
Edward R. T. Tiekink
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Basis Set ◽  
Dihedral Angles ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
Acta Cryst ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Compound C ◽  
B3lyp Level ◽  
The Common ◽  
Independent Molecules

The title compound, C12H11N3O2, is a second monoclinic polymorph (P21, withZ′ = 4) of the previously reported monoclinic (P21/c, withZ′ = 2) form [Akhmad Aznanet al.(2010).Acta Cryst.E66, o2400]. Four independent molecules comprise the asymmetric unit, which have the common features of asyndisposition of the pyridine N atom and the toluene ring, and an intramolecular amine–nitro N—H...O hydrogen bond. The differences between molecules relate to the dihedral angles between the rings which range from 2.92 (19) to 26.24 (19)°. The geometry-optimized structure [B3LYP level of theory and 6–311 g+(d,p) basis set] has the same features except that the entire molecule is planar. In the crystal, the three-dimensional architecture is consolidated by a combination of C—H...O, C—H...π, nitro-N—O...π and π–π interactions [inter-centroid distances = 3.649 (2)–3.916 (2) Å].

A comparison of the changes in the patterns of the usage and categorization of the classifier ‘ben 本’ in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese

2021 ◽  
pp. 251385022098177
Author(s):  
Jeong-A Jo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Korean Chinese ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to examine the common features and differences in how the Chinese-character classifier ‘ ben 本’ is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, and will explore the factors that have affected the categorization processes and patterns of the classifier ‘ ben 本.’ Consideration of the differences in the patterns of usage and categorization of the same Chinese classifier in different languages enables us to look into the perception of the world and the socio cultural differences inherent in each language, the differences in the perception of Chinese characters, and the relationship between classifiers.

The Latah Reaction: Its Pathodynamics and Nosological Position

1952 ◽  
Vol 98 (413) ◽  
pp. 515-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Yap
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Intrinsic Interest ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Malay Archipelago ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Unusual Symptoms

Few mental diseases have attracted the attention of medical men working in outlandish parts of the world more than Latah. This is due, not only to its intrinsic interest, showing as it regularly does the unusual symptoms of echolalia, echopraxia, and automatic obedience, but also to its remarkable geographical distribution. This illness was described by travellers to the Malay Archipelago in the latter part of the nineteenth century, but very similar reactions were later found to exist in other lands, known to the native peoples by other names. The term “Latah,” however, is the best known, and as the common features between these various reactions became apparent, it has been used as an inclusive name for them all. It is to-day employed with much the same connotation in the French, Dutch, Italian, and English literature, but the discussion of its nature betrays inadequate understanding, attempts at its nosological classification remain unsatisfactory, and speculations as to its aetology continue to be somewhat fanciful.

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