scholarly journals Information Domain Analysis of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Mechanisms

2018 ◽  
pp. S611-S618 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. KROHOVA ◽  
B. CZIPPELOVA ◽  
Z. TURIANIKOVA ◽  
Z. LAZAROVA ◽  
R. WISZT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Control ◽  
Peripheral Mechanism ◽  
Rate Oscillations

Ventilation related heart rate oscillations – respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) – originate in human from several mechanisms. Two most important of them – the central mechanism (direct communication between respiratory and cardiomotor centers), and the peripheral mechanism (ventilation-associated blood pressure changes transferred to heart rate via baroreflex) have been described in previous studies. The major aim of this study was to compare the importance of these mechanisms in the generation of RSA non-invasively during various states by quantifying the strength of the directed interactions between heart rate, systolic blood pressure and respiratory volume signals. Seventy-eight healthy volunteers (32 male, age range: 16.02-25.77 years, median age: 18.57 years) participated in this study. The strength of mutual interconnections among the spontaneous beat-to-beat oscillations of systolic blood pressure (SBP), R-R interval (RR signal) and respiration (volume changes – RESP signal) was quantified during supine rest, orthostatic challenge (head-up tilt, HUT) and cognitive load (mental arithmetics, MA) using bivariate and trivariate measures of cardio-respiratory information transfer to separate baroreflex and nonbaroreflex (central) mechanisms. Our results indicate that both basic mechanisms take part in RSA generation in the intact cardiorespiratory control of human subjects. During orthostatic and mental challenges baroreflex based peripheral mechanism becomes more important.

scholarly journals Time-Frequency Analysis of Cardiovascular and Cardiorespiratory Interactions During Orthostatic Stress by Extended Partial Directed Coherence

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Charleston-Villalobos ◽  
Sina Reulecke ◽  
Andreas Voss ◽  
Mahmood R. Azimi-Sadjadi ◽  
Ramón González-Camarena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Orthostatic Intolerance ◽  
Linear Method ◽  
Orthostatic Stress ◽  
Partial Directed Coherence ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Time Frequency

In this study, the linear method of extended partial directed coherence (ePDC) was applied to establish the temporal dynamic behavior of cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory interactions during orthostatic stress at a 70° head-up tilt (HUT) test on young age-matched healthy subjects and patients with orthostatic intolerance (OI), both male and female. Twenty 5-min windows were used to analyze the minute-wise progression of interactions from 5 min in a supine position (baseline, BL) until 18 min of the orthostatic phase (OP) without including pre-syncopal phases. Gender differences in controls were present in cardiorespiratory interactions during OP without compromised autonomic regulation. However in patients, analysis by ePDC revealed considerable dynamic alterations within cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory interactions over the temporal course during the HUT test. Considering the young female patients with OI, the information flow from heart rate to systolic blood pressure (mechanical modulation) was already increased before the tilt-up, the information flow from systolic blood pressure to heart rate (neural baroreflex) increased during OP, while the information flow from respiration to heart rate (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) decreased during the complete HUT test. Findings revealed impaired cardiovascular interactions in patients with orthostatic intolerance and confirmed the usefulness of ePDC for causality analysis.

scholarly journals A model-based analysis of autonomic nervous function in response to the Valsalva maneuver

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 1386-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Benjamin Randall ◽  
Anna Billeschou ◽  
Louise S. Brinth ◽  
Jesper Mehlsen ◽  
Mette S. Olufsen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Valsalva Maneuver ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Model Based Analysis

The Valsalva maneuver (VM) is a diagnostic protocol examining sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in patients with autonomic dysfunction (AD) impacting cardiovascular control. Because direct measurement of these signals is costly and invasive, AD is typically assessed indirectly by analyzing heart rate and blood pressure response patterns. This study introduces a mathematical model that can predict sympathetic and parasympathetic dynamics. Our model-based analysis includes two control mechanisms: respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and the baroreceptor reflex (baroreflex). The RSA submodel integrates an electrocardiogram-derived respiratory signal with intrathoracic pressure, and the baroreflex submodel differentiates aortic and carotid baroreceptor regions. Patient-specific afferent and efferent signals are determined for 34 control subjects and 5 AD patients, estimating parameters fitting the model output to heart rate data. Results show that inclusion of RSA and distinguishing aortic/carotid regions are necessary to model the heart rate response to the VM. Comparing control subjects to patients shows that RSA and baroreflex responses are significantly diminished. This study compares estimated parameter values from the model-based predictions to indices used in clinical practice. Three indices are computed to determine adrenergic function from the slope of the systolic blood pressure in phase II [ α (a new index)], the baroreceptor sensitivity ( β), and the Valsalva ratio ( γ). Results show that these indices can distinguish between normal and abnormal states, but model-based analysis is needed to differentiate pathological signals. In summary, the model simulates various VM responses and, by combining indices and model predictions, we study the pathologies for 5 AD patients. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We introduce a patient-specific model analyzing heart rate and blood pressure during a Valsalva maneuver (VM). The model predicts autonomic function incorporating the baroreflex and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) control mechanisms. We introduce a novel index ( α) characterizing sympathetic activity, which can distinguish control and abnormal patients. However, we assert that modeling and parameter estimation are necessary to explain pathologies. Finally, we show that aortic baroreceptors contribute significantly to the VM and RSA affects early VM.

Augmentation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in response to progressive hypercapnia in conscious dogs

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (5) ◽  
pp. H2336-H2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumihiko Yasuma ◽  
Jun-Ichiro Hayano
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Arterial Blood

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may serve to enhance pulmonary gas exchange efficiency by matching pulmonary blood flow with lung volume within each respiratory cycle. We examined the hypothesis that RSA is augmented as an active physiological response to hypercapnia. We measured electrocardiograms and arterial blood pressure during progressive hypercapnia in conscious dogs that were prepared with a permanent tracheostomy and an implanted blood pressure telemetry unit. The intensity of RSA was assessed continuously as the amplitude of respiratory fluctuation of heart rate using complex demodulation. In a total of 39 runs of hypercapnia in 3 dogs, RSA increased by 38 and 43% of the control level when minute ventilation reached 10 and 15 l/min, respectively ( P < 0.0001 for both), and heart rate and mean arterial pressure showed no significant change. The increases in RSA were significant even after adjustment for the effects of increased tidal volume, respiratory rate, and respiratory fluctuation of arterial blood pressure ( P < 0.001). These observations indicate that increased RSA during hypercapnia is not the consequence of altered autonomic balance or respiratory patterns and support the hypothesis that RSA is augmented as an active physiological response to hypercapnia.

scholarly journals Role of respiration in the cardiovascular response to orthostatic and mental stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (6) ◽  
pp. R761-R769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Javorka ◽  
Fatima El-Hamad ◽  
Barbora Czippelova ◽  
Zuzana Turianikova ◽  
Jana Krohova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Blood Pressure Variability ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Respiratory Response ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Head Up Tilt

The objective of this study was to determine the response of heart rate and blood pressure variability (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, baroreflex sensitivity) to orthostatic and mental stress, focusing on causality and the mediating effect of respiration. Seventy-seven healthy young volunteers (46 women, 31 men) aged 18.4 ± 2.7 yr underwent an experimental protocol comprising supine rest, 45° head-up tilt, recovery, and a mental arithmetic task. Heart rate variability and blood pressure variability were analyzed in the time and frequency domain and modeled as a multivariate autoregressive process where the respiratory volume signal acted as an external driver. During head-up tilt, tidal volume increased while respiratory rate decreased. During mental stress, breathing rate increased and tidal volume was elevated slightly. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia decreased during both interventions. Baroreflex function was preserved during orthostasis but was decreased during mental stress. While sex differences were not observed during baseline conditions, cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress and respiratory response to mental stress was more prominent in men compared with women. The respiratory response to the mental arithmetic tasks was more prominent in men despite a significantly higher subjectively perceived stress level in women. In conclusion, respiration shows a distinct response to orthostatic versus mental stress, mediating cardiovascular variability; it needs to be considered for correct interpretation of heart rate and blood pressure phenomena.

scholarly journals The effect of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnoea on cardiorespiratory control

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 00003-2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Baumert ◽  
Yvonne Pamula ◽  
James Martin ◽  
Declan Kennedy ◽  
Anand Ganesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Control ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

The efficacy of adenotonsillectomy for relieving obstructive sleep apnoea symptoms in children has been firmly established, but its precise effects on cardiorespiratory control are poorly understood.In 375 children enrolled in the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial, randomised to undergo either adenotonsillectomy (n=194) or a strategy of watching waiting (n=181), respiratory rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia and heart rate were analysed during quiet, non-apnoeic and non-hypopnoeic breathing throughout sleep at baseline and at 7 months using overnight polysomnography.Children who underwent early adenotonsillectomy demonstrated an increase in respiratory rate post-surgery while the watchful waiting group showed no change. Heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were comparable between both arms. On assessing cardiorespiratory variables with regard to normalisation of clinical polysomnography findings during follow-up, heart rate was reduced in children who had resolution of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, while no differences in their respiratory rate or respiratory sinus arrhythmia were observed.Adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea increases baseline respiratory rate during sleep. Normalisation of apnoea–hypopnoea index, spontaneously orviasurgery, lowers heart rate. Considering the small average effect size, the clinical significance is uncertain.

scholarly journals Anthropometric Determinants of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Children

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Paulina Lubocka ◽  
Robert Sabiniewicz ◽  
Klaudia Suligowska ◽  
Tomasz Zdrojewski
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Lower Heart Rate ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
School Aged Children

Background: The study was conducted to investigate the implications of anthropometry in school-aged children on the degree of respiratory sinus arrhythmia observed in clinical settings. Methods: In a cohort study, 626 healthy children (52% male) aged 10.8 ± 0.5 years attending primary school in a single town underwent a 12-lead electrocardiogram coupled with measurements of height, weight and blood pressure. Indices of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (pvRSA, RMSSD, RMSSDc) were derived from semi-automatic measurements of RR intervals. Height, weight, BMI, blood pressure as well as waist and hip circumferences were compared between subjects with rhythmic heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and correlations between indices of sinus arrhythmia and anthropometry were investigated. Results: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was recognized in 43% of the participants. Subjects with sinus arrhythmia had lower heart rate (p < 0.001), weight (p = 0.009), BMI (p = 0.005) and systolic (p = 0.018) and diastolic (p = 0.004) blood pressure. There were important inverse correlations of heart rate and indices of sinus arrhythmia (r = −0.52 for pvRSA and r = −0.58 for RMSSD), but not the anthropometry. Conclusion: Lower prevalence of respiratory sinus arrhythmia among children with overweight and obesity is a result of higher resting heart rate observed in this population.

scholarly journals Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Children—Predictable or Random?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Lubocka ◽  
Robert Sabiniewicz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Interval Length ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Rr Intervals ◽  
Rr Interval ◽  
The Difference

Background: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is associated with better health in children.Aim: The study was conducted to analyze the trajectory of RSA in 10-year-olds.Methods: A follow-up study on 120 healthy children (62 boys) aged 10.7 ± 0.5 years consisted of a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram, measurements of height, weight and blood pressure. The protocol was repeated after 3 years. Assessment of RSA based on semi-automatic measurements of RR intervals included: the difference between the longest and shortest RR interval duration (pvRSA), the root mean square of differences between successive RR intervals (RMSSD), the standard deviation of the RR interval length (SDNN) and their equivalents corrected for heart rate (RMSSDc and SDNNc).Results: A the first visit 61.7% of children presented with RSA; 51.7% 3 years later. 23.3% of them had RSA only on the first examination; 13.3% only on the second one. The pvRSA, RMSSD, and SDNN measured in 2019 did not differ significantly from their 2016 equivalents (p &gt; 0.05). The decline in RSA defined by RMSSD was noted in 52.5% of children and in 54.2% when defined by SDNN. The corrected values decreased in 68.3 and 64.2% of the participants for RMSSDc and SDNNc, respectively. The students with RSA at both visits had lower heart rate (p &lt; 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.010) compared to those with rhythmic electrocardiograms.Conclusions: RSA in children is changeable, though its measurable indices should be adjusted to heart rate.

Variation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia with age

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 734-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Hellman ◽  
R. W. Stacy
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Noninvasive Method ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Control ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Coupling ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Male Subjects

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia was measured on 24 male subjects whose agesranged from 21 to 65 yr, using a technique in which respiration was coupledto heart rate, so that there were 6 heartbeats per inspiration and 6 heartbeats per expiration. This voluntary cardiorespiratory coupling reduced the variance of heart rates measured at various points in the respiratory cycle. Fourier analysis was used to obtain the fundamental of heart rate and respiratory volume. A high correlation coefficient (-0.83) was found betweenpercent of variation of heart rate from the average heart rate (PB) and theage of the subject. Linear regression analysis performed on these data produced the equation: PB = 23.2–0.35 (age). Since sinus arrhythmia at thelow respiratory frequencies used probably reflects the viability of the cardiorespiratory control systems, we believe this provides a simple noninvasive method for the study of the overall competence of the system responsiblefor respiratory sinus arrhythmia.

Cardiocirculatory coupling during sinusoidal baroreceptor stimulation and fixed-frequency breathing

2000 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius KEYL ◽  
Martin DAMBACHER ◽  
Annette SCHNEIDER ◽  
Claudio PASSINO ◽  
Ulrike WEGENHORST ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Fixed Frequency ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Rr Interval ◽  
Transfer Function Analysis ◽  
Baroreceptor Stimulation

The question of whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) originates mainly from a central coupling between respiration and heart rate, or from baroreflex mechanisms, is a subject of controversy. If there is a major contribution of baroreflexes to RSA, cardiocirculatory coupling during breathing and during cyclic baroreflex stimulation should show similarities. We applied a sinusoidal stimulus to the carotid baroreceptors and generated heart rate fluctuations of the same magnitude as RSA with a frequency similar to, but different from, the breathing frequency (0.2 Hz, compared with 0.25 Hz), and at 0.1 Hz, in 17 supine healthy subjects (age 28–39 years). The data were analysed using discrete Fourier-transform and transfer function analysis. Respiratory fluctuations in systolic blood pressure preceded RSA with a time lag equal to that between baroreceptor stimulation and oscillations in RR interval (0.62±0.18 s compared with 0.57±0.28 s at 0.2 Hz neck suction). The response of systolic blood pressure to neck suction at 0.2 Hz was 5 times less than the respiratory blood pressure fluctuations. Neck suction at 0.1 Hz largely increased fluctuations in blood pressure and RR interval, whereas the spontaneous phase relationship between blood pressure and RR interval remained unchanged. Our results are not consistent with the hypothesis that the origin of RSA is predominantly a central phenomenon which secondarily generates fluctuations in blood pressure, but suggest that, under the condition of fixed-frequency breathing at 0.25 Hz, baroreflex mechanisms contribute to respiratory fluctuations in RR interval.

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