scholarly journals Regulatory RNAs and Cardiovascular Disease – With a Special Focus on Circulating MicroRNAs

2017 ◽  
pp. S21-S38 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. DLOUHÁ ◽  
J. A. HUBÁČEK
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
Circulating Micrornas ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Disease States ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding regulatory RNA molecules which play an important role in intracellular communication and cell signaling and which influence cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and cellular death. Over the past two decades, the crucial role of microRNAs in controlling tissue homeostasis and disease in cardiovascular systems has become widely recognized. By controlling the expression levels of their targets, several miRNAs have been shown to modulate the function of endothelial cells (miR-221/222 and -126), vascular smooth muscle cells (miR-143/145) and macrophages (miR-33, -758, and -26), thereby regulating the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The stability of miRNAs within the blood suggests that circulating miRNAs may function as important biomarkers of disease development and progression. Numerous circulating miRNAs have been found to be dysregulated in a wide variety of different disease states, including diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

Updates on the Current Technologies for microRNA Profiling

MicroRNA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Mathew ◽  
Valentina Mattei ◽  
Muna Al Hashmi ◽  
Sara Tomei
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Microrna Profiling ◽  
Regulate Gene

MicroRNAs are RNA molecules of ~22 nt length that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. The role of miRNAs has been reported in many cellular processes including apoptosis, cell differentiation, development and proliferation. The dysregulated expression of miRNAs has been proposed as a biomarker for the diagnosis, onset and prognosis of human diseases. The utility of miRNA profiles to identify and discriminate patients from healthy individuals is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the technologies used for their detection and the quantity and quality of starting material. In this review, we present an update of the current technologies for the extraction, QC assessment and detection of miRNAs with special focus to the most recent methods, discussing their advantages as well as their shortcomings.

scholarly journals Erythrocytes: Central Actors in Multiple Scenes of Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5843
Author(s):  
Chloé Turpin ◽  
Aurélie Catan ◽  
Olivier Meilhac ◽  
Emmanuel Bourdon ◽  
François Canonne-Hergaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Plaque Progression ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Circulating Cells ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

The development and progression of atherosclerosis (ATH) involves lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and both vascular and blood cell dysfunction. Erythrocytes, the main circulating cells in the body, exert determinant roles in the gas transport between tissues. Erythrocytes have long been considered as simple bystanders in cardiovascular diseases, including ATH. This review highlights recent knowledge concerning the role of erythrocytes being more than just passive gas carriers, as potent contributors to atherosclerotic plaque progression. Erythrocyte physiology and ATH pathology is first described. Then, a specific chapter delineates the numerous links between erythrocytes and atherogenesis. In particular, we discuss the impact of extravasated erythrocytes in plaque iron homeostasis with potential pathological consequences. Hyperglycaemia is recognised as a significant aggravating contributor to the development of ATH. Then, a special focus is made on glycoxidative modifications of erythrocytes and their role in ATH. This chapter includes recent data proposing glycoxidised erythrocytes as putative contributors to enhanced atherothrombosis in diabetic patients.

scholarly journals Mast Cells in Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermans ◽  
Lennep ◽  
van Daele ◽  
Bot
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Intraplaque Hemorrhage ◽  
Hematological Disease ◽  
Plaque Instability ◽  
Clonal Proliferation ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Mast cells are pluripotent leukocytes that reside in the mucosa and connective tissue. Recent studies show an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease among patients with mastocytosis, which is a hematological disease that is characterized by the accumulation of mast cells due to clonal proliferation. This association suggests an important role for mast cells in cardiovascular disease. Indeed, the evidence establishing the contribution of mast cells to the development and progression of atherosclerosis is continually increasing. Mast cells may contribute to plaque formation by stimulating the formation of foam cells and causing a pro-inflammatory micro-environment. In addition, these cells are able to promote plaque instability by neo-vessel formation and also by inducing intraplaque hemorrhage. Furthermore, mast cells appear to stimulate the formation of fibrosis after a cardiac infarction. In this review, the available data on the role of mast cells in cardiovascular disease are summarized, containing both in vitro research and animal studies, followed by a discussion of human data on the association between cardiovascular morbidity and diseases in which mast cells are important: Kounis syndrome, mastocytosis and allergy.

scholarly journals Active regulator of SIRT1 is required for cancer cell survival but not for SIRT1 activity

Open Biology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 130130 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. P. Knight ◽  
Simon J. Allison ◽  
Jo Milner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Cancer Cell Survival ◽  
P53 Activation

The NAD + -dependent deacetylase SIRT1 is involved in diverse cellular processes, and has also been linked with multiple disease states. Among these, SIRT1 expression negatively correlates with cancer survival in both laboratory and clinical studies. Active regulator of SIRT1 (AROS) was the first reported post-transcriptional regulator of SIRT1 activity, enhancing SIRT1-mediated deacetylation and downregulation of the SIRT1 target p53. However, little is known regarding the role of AROS in regulation of SIRT1 during disease. Here, we report the cellular and molecular effects of RNAi-mediated AROS suppression, comparing this with the role of SIRT1 in a panel of human cell lines of both cancerous and non-cancerous origins. Unexpectedly, AROS is found to vary in its modulation of p53 acetylation according to cell context. AROS suppresses p53 acetylation only following the application of cell damaging stress, whereas SIRT1 suppresses p53 under all conditions analysed. This supplements the original characterization of AROS but indicates that SIRT1 activity can persist following suppression of AROS. We also demonstrate that knockdown of AROS induces apoptosis in three cancer cell lines, independent of p53 activation. Importantly, AROS is not required for the viability of three non-cancer cell lines indicating a putative role for AROS in specifically promoting cancer cell survival.

scholarly journals Circulating MicroRNAs as Potential Molecular Biomarkers in Pathophysiological Evolution of Pregnancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragos Cretoiu ◽  
Jiahong Xu ◽  
Junjie Xiao ◽  
Nicolae Suciu ◽  
Sanda Maria Cretoiu
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Recurrent Abortion ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
Circulating Micrornas ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Implantation Period

MicroRNAs represent nonprotein coding small RNA molecules that are very stable to degradation and responsible for gene silencing in most eukaryotic cells. Increased evidence has been accumulating over the years about their potential value as biomarkers for several diseases. MicroRNAs were predicted to be involved in nearly all biological processes from development to oncogenesis. In this review, we address the importance of circulating microRNAs in different conditions associated with pregnancy starting with the implantation period to preeclampsia and we shortly describe the correlation between placental circulating miRNAs and pregnancy status. We also discuss the importance of microRNAs in recurrent abortion and ectopic pregnancy.

scholarly journals Ku and the Stability of the Genome

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna A. Friedl
Keyword(s):  
Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Telomere Maintenance ◽  
Dna Double Strand Breaks ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Molecular Functions ◽  
Ku Proteins ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Dependent Processes

Ku proteins are associated with a variety of cellular processes such as repair of DNA-double-strand breaks, telomere maintenance and retrotransposition. In recent years, we have learned a lot about their cellular and molecular functions and it has turned out that Ku-dependent processes affect the stability of the genome, both positively and negatively, in several ways. This article gives an overview on the role of Ku in determining the shape of the genome.

scholarly journals The gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease: current knowledge and clinical potential

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (5) ◽  
pp. H923-H938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adilah F. Ahmad ◽  
Girish Dwivedi ◽  
Fergal O’Gara ◽  
Jose Caparros-Martin ◽  
Natalie C. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Clinical Potential ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The human body is populated by a diverse community of microbes, dominated by bacteria, but also including viruses and fungi. The largest and most complex of these communities is located in the gastrointestinal system and, with its associated genome, is known as the gut microbiome. Gut microbiome perturbations and related dysbiosis have been implicated in the progression and pathogenesis of CVD, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure. Although there have been advances in the characterization and analysis of the gut microbiota and associated bacterial metabolites, the exact mechanisms through which they exert their action are not well understood. This review will focus on the role of the gut microbiome and associated functional components in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Potential treatments to alter the gut microbiome to prevent or treat atherosclerosis and CVD are also discussed.

scholarly journals Defective Autophagy in Atherosclerosis: To Die or to Senesce?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandy O. J. Grootaert ◽  
Lynn Roth ◽  
Dorien M. Schrijvers ◽  
Guido R. Y. De Meyer ◽  
Wim Martinet
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Mitochondrial Quality Control ◽  
Targeted Treatments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Autophagic Process ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Autophagy is a subcellular process that plays an important role in the degradation of proteins and damaged organelles such as mitochondria (a process termed “mitophagy”) via lysosomes. It is crucial for regulating protein and mitochondrial quality control and maintaining cellular homeostasis, whereas dysregulation of autophagy has been implicated in a wide range of diseases including atherosclerosis. Recent evidence has shown that the autophagic process becomes dysfunctional during the progression of atherosclerosis, regardless of whether there are many autophagy-stimulating factors (e.g., reactive oxygen species, oxidized lipids, and cytokines) present within the atherosclerotic plaque. This review highlights the recent insights into the causes and consequences of defective autophagy in atherosclerosis, with a special focus on the role of autophagy and mitophagy in plaque macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and endothelial cells (ECs). It has been shown that defective autophagy can promote apoptosis in macrophages but that it accelerates premature senescence in VSMCs. In the ECs, defective autophagy promotes both apoptosis and senescence. We will discuss the discrepancy between these three cell types in their response to autophagy deficiency and underline the cell type-dependent role of autophagy, which may have important implications for the efficacy of autophagy-targeted treatments for atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals Circulating MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Atrial Fibrillation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananília Medeiros Gomes da Silva ◽  
Jéssica Nayara Góes de Araújo ◽  
Renata Caroline Costa de Freitas ◽  
Vivian Nogueira Silbiger
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Supraventricular Arrhythmia ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
Circulating Micrornas ◽  
Noninvasive Biomarkers ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common supraventricular arrhythmia in the population. MicroRNAs (small endogenous noncoding RNAs) are attractive candidates as biomarkers for AF, especially considering that miRNAs are stable and are detected within easily accessible biofluids such as blood. In this review, we selected twelve studies (2012 to 2016) that were classified according to the sample type. We aimed to provide an overview of the role of circulating miRNAs in AF and to discuss the variability of the results, seeking to improve the perspective of the use of miRNAs as potential noninvasive biomarkers for this heart disease.

scholarly journals Molecules and Mechanisms to Overcome Oxidative Stress Inducing Cardiovascular Disease in Cancer Patients

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Francesco Sabbatino ◽  
Valeria Conti ◽  
Luigi Liguori ◽  
Giovanna Polcaro ◽  
Graziamaria Corbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Detoxification Systems ◽  
Cancer Diseases

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules involved in signal transduction pathways with both beneficial and detrimental effects on human cells. ROS are generated by many cellular processes including mitochondrial respiration, metabolism and enzymatic activities. In physiological conditions, ROS levels are well-balanced by antioxidative detoxification systems. In contrast, in pathological conditions such as cardiovascular, neurological and cancer diseases, ROS production exceeds the antioxidative detoxification capacity of cells, leading to cellular damages and death. In this review, we will first describe the biology and mechanisms of ROS mediated oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. Second, we will review the role of oxidative stress mediated by oncological treatments in inducing cardiovascular disease. Lastly, we will discuss the strategies that potentially counteract the oxidative stress in order to fight the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease, including that induced by oncological treatments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document