scholarly journals Animal models in the study of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy

2010 ◽  
pp. 633-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Wang ◽  
U Wisloff ◽  
OJ Kemi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Exercise Induced

Exercise training-induced cardiac hypertrophy occurs following a program of aerobic endurance exercise training and it is considered as a physiologically beneficial adaptation. To investigate the underlying biology of physiological hypertrophy, we rely on robust experimental models of exercise training in laboratory animals that mimic the training response in humans. A number of experimental strategies have been established, such as treadmill and voluntary wheel running and swim training models that all associate with cardiac growth. These approaches have been applied to numerous animal models with various backgrounds. However, important differences exist between these experimental approaches, which may affect the interpretation of the results. Here, we review the various approaches that have been used to experimentally study exercise training-induced cardiac hypertrophy; including the advantages and disadvantages of the various models.

Rat model of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy: hemodynamic characterization using left ventricular pressure-volume analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (1) ◽  
pp. H124-H134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Radovits ◽  
Attila Oláh ◽  
Árpád Lux ◽  
Balázs Tamás Németh ◽  
László Hidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Stroke Work ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Exercise Induced

Long-term exercise training is associated with characteristic structural and functional changes of the myocardium, termed athlete's heart. Several research groups investigated exercise training-induced left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in animal models; however, only sporadic data exist about detailed hemodynamics. We aimed to provide functional characterization of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy in a rat model using the in vivo method of LV pressure-volume (P-V) analysis. After inducing LV hypertrophy by swim training, we assessed LV morphometry by echocardiography and performed LV P-V analysis using a pressure-conductance microcatheter to investigate in vivo cardiac function. Echocardiography showed LV hypertrophy (LV mass index: 2.41 ± 0.09 vs. 2.03 ± 0.08 g/kg, P < 0.01), which was confirmed by heart weight data and histomorphometry. Invasive hemodynamic measurements showed unaltered heart rate, arterial pressure, and LV end-diastolic volume along with decreased LV end-systolic volume, thus increased stroke volume and ejection fraction (73.7 ± 0.8 vs. 64.1 ± 1.5%, P < 0.01) in trained versus untrained control rats. The P-V loop-derived sensitive, load-independent contractility indexes, such as slope of end-systolic P-V relationship or preload recruitable stroke work (77.0 ± 6.8 vs. 54.3 ± 4.8 mmHg, P = 0.01) were found to be significantly increased. The observed improvement of ventriculoarterial coupling (0.37 ± 0.02 vs. 0.65 ± 0.08, P < 0.01), along with increased LV stroke work and mechanical efficiency, reflects improved mechanoenergetics of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Despite the significant hypertrophy, we observed unaltered LV stiffness (slope of end-diastolic P-V relationship: 0.043 ± 0.007 vs. 0.040 ± 0.006 mmHg/μl) and improved LV active relaxation (τ: 10.1 ± 0.6 vs. 11.9 ± 0.2 ms, P < 0.01). According to our knowledge, this is the first study that provides characterization of functional changes and hemodynamic relations in exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

Loaded wheel running and muscle adaptation in the mouse

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (1) ◽  
pp. H455-H465 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Konhilas ◽  
Ulrika Widegren ◽  
David L. Allen ◽  
Angelika C. Paul ◽  
Allison Cleary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Biochemical Adaptation ◽  
Physiological Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Exercise Induced

Voluntary cage wheel exercise has been used extensively to determine the physiological adaptation of cardiac and skeletal muscle in mice. In this study, we tested the effect of different loading conditions on voluntary cage wheel performance and muscle adaptation. Male C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to a cage wheel with no-resistance (NR), low-resistance (LR), or high-resistance (HR) loads for 7 wk. Power output was elevated (3-fold) under increased loading (LR and HR) conditions compared with unloaded (NR) exercise training. Only unloaded (NR) exercise induced an increase in heart mass, whereas only loaded (LR and HR) exercise training induced an increase in skeletal (soleus) muscle mass. Moreover, unloaded and loaded exercise training had a differential impact on the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers, depending on the type of myosin heavy chain expressed by each fiber. The biochemical adaptation of the heart was characterized by a decrease in genes associated with pathological (but not physiological) cardiac hypertrophy and a decrease in calcineurin expression in all exercise groups. In addition, transcriptional activity of myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF-2) was significantly decreased in the hearts of the LR group as determined by a MEF-2-dependent transgene driving the expression of β-galactosidase. Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, protein kinase B (Akt), and p70 S6 kinase was increased only in the hearts of the NR group, consistent with the significant increase in cardiac mass. In conclusion, unloaded and loaded cage wheel exercise have a differential impact on cage wheel performance and muscle (cardiac and skeletal) adaptation.

scholarly journals BASIC PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF MODELING HYPOGONADISM: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Antonina Pronina ◽  
Galina Suvorova ◽  
Aleksey Chaulin ◽  
Julia Grigoryeva ◽  
Dmitry Rusakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Domestic Literature ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Distal Section

Purpose: To consider the basic principles and methods of experimental modeling of hypogonadism in laboratory animals, to define the main benefits and drawbacks of each separate method in hypogonadism modeling. Materials and methods: We analyzed modern foreign and domestic literature using the following databases: PubMed / Medline, Embase, Google Scholar. Results: Presently, there are three main principles of modeling hypogonadism: surgical, genetic, and pharmacological. The principle of surgical modeling of hypogonadism is based on the removal of the gonads, or on the temporary imposition of a suture on the distal section of the spermatic cord, which leads to occlusion of the testicular artery that feeds the gonads. The principle of genetic modeling of hypogonadism is to induce mutations in the genes encoding the most important regulatory molecules, in particular kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and their receptors in laboratory animals. The principle of pharmacological modeling of hypogonadism is based on the administration of streptozocin to laboratory animals, which has a toxic effect on the gonads and pancreas. Conclusion: Hypogonadism represents a very common pathological condition that affects many organs and tissues. Therefore, the use of experimental models of hypogonadism to study fundamental pathophysiological and pathomorphological processes is a relevant research area. Each principle of hypogonadism modeling is unique in its own way, exhibits advantages and disadvantages, and allows the creation of specific conditions necessary for the development of hypogonadism in laboratory animals. Taking into account the numerous beneficial effects of testosterone on many cells and tissues of the human body, it becomes obvious that experimental models of hypogonadism can be in demand for many medical spheres.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF THE HYPOTHYROIDISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Aleksey M. Chaulin ◽  
Julia V. Grigorieva ◽  
Galina N. Suvorova
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Holistic Understanding

Hypothyroidism is a systemic chronic disease that occurs as a result of a deficiency of thyroid hormones (thyroid hormones): triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine). Targets of thyroid hormones are almost all organs and tissues of the human body, which explains the variety of clinical manifestations that occur when these hormones are deficient. Recently, basic research through the use of experimental models has become more relevant and allowed us to obtain a number of new morphological and functional changes that occur in hypothyroidism. This review discusses the main experimental models of hypothyroidism: surgical, radioactive, dietary, anti-thyroid administration and genetics’ model. The main principle of the surgical model of hypothyroidism is to remove the thyroid gland. The radioactive model is based on the introduction of a radioactive isotope of iodine to laboratory animals. The dietary model is based on the use of a special diet with a limited amount of iodine. The drug model is based on the introduction of antithyroid drugs - methylimidazole and propylthiouracil. The principle of the genetic model consists in special genetic manipulations with the genome of laboratory animals. The advantages and disadvantages of each model are discussed. The use of sophisticated equipment has brought specialists closer to a more complete and holistic understanding of the morphological and functional manifestations of hypothyroidism. Researching of experimental models is an important tool in relation to the studying of the mechanisms underlying hypothyroidism and, as a result, in improving prevention and treatment-diagnostic strategies.

scholarly journals Experimental Modeling Of Hypothyroidism: Principles, Methods, Several Advanced Research Directions In Cardiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey M. Chaulin ◽  
Julia V. Grigorieva ◽  
Galina N. Suvorova ◽  
Dmitry V. Duplyakov
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Preclinical Study ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Effective Models ◽  
Goals And Objectives

Hypothyroidism is one of the most common pathological conditions in modern clinical practice. Due to the fact that the targets of thyroid hormones are virtually all organs and tissues, the morphological and clinical manifestations arising with a deficiency of thyroid hormones are quite diverse. Experimental models of hypothyroidism in laboratory animals are widely used for preclinical study of the fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hypothyroidism, as well as for assessing the effectiveness of treatment-and-prophylactic effects. Currently, several groups of effective models of hypothyroidism have been developed: dietary, surgical, medicamentous, genetic, radioactive and immunological. Each of the specified models is based on different principles, has advantages and disadvantages, and can be used depending on the goals and objectives of the experiment. In this review, we will consistently consider hypothyroidism modeling methods and indicate some promising areas of their use in cardiology.

scholarly journals Experimental models of type 1 diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria I. Yarmolinskaya ◽  
Nelly Yu. Andreyeva ◽  
Elena I. Abashova ◽  
Elena V. Misharina
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Experimental Animal Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Morphological Patterns

This article describes currently used experimental animal models of type 1 diabetes. The literature data on the pathogenesis of clinical and morphological patterns of the disease and the possibility of extrapolation have been summarized in the review. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the models have been evaluated. Based on the reported results, it can be concluded that preclinical research is essential as fundamental basis for the investigation of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals The Benefits of Using New Tools for Behavioral Investigations in Animal Experimental Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragica Selakovic ◽  
Jovana Joksimovic
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Drug Treatments

Abstract The animal experimental models of emotional disorders attempt to reproduce features of human psychiatric disorders in laboratory animals by correlating the physiological and behavioral changes associated with specific emotional states, the etiology of disorders, and responses on drug treatments. Animal experimental models that accurately recapitulate clinical pathology are indispensable for understanding molecular mechanisms and advancing preclinical studies. Behavioral tests on animal models have been developed over time in two directions: to enable the acquisition of as many valid behavior data as possible, and constructing experimental models and procedures that represent a parallel with certain conditions in humans. In this review we discuss more information for the new tools in behavioral investigations in animal experimental models. Here we described evoked beam-walking (EBW) test as a new test for estimation of anxiety levels. The reliability of that test was confirmed in our studies by using nandrolone decanoate (ND) and testosterone enanthate (TE) in supraphysiological doses. Also, we defined a new approach to estimation of exploratory activity by using these tests and an improvement of detectability in standard evaluation of depressive state levels. Taking into account that behavioral investigation in animal models still has to remain indispensable in conducting of preclinical studies, we assume that new tools that can be applied in this field may improve the quality of research.

scholarly journals Experimental Models of Absence Epilepsy

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-726
Author(s):  
Maryam Jafarian ◽  
◽  
Mohammad Esmaeil Alipour ◽  
Fariba Karimzadeh ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Absence Epilepsy ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Genetic Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Epileptic Patients ◽  
Application Methods

Introduction: Absence epilepsy is a brief non-convulsive seizure associated with sudden abruptness in consciousness. Because of the unpredictable occurrence of absence seizures and the ethical issues of human investigation on the pathogenesis and drug assessment, researchers tend to study animal models. This paper aims to review the advantages and disadvantages of several animal models of nonconvulsive induced seizure. Methods: The articles that were published since 1990 were assessed. The publications that used genetic animals were analyzed, too. Besides, we reviewed possible application methods of each model, clinical types of seizures induced, purposed mechanism of epileptogenesis, their validity, and relevance to the absence epileptic patients. Results: The number of studies that used genetic models of absence epilepsy from years of 2000 was noticeably more than pharmacological models. Genetic animal models have a close correlation of electroencephalogram features and epileptic behaviors to the human condition. Conclusion: The validity of genetic models of absence epilepsy would motivate the researchers to focus on genetic modes in their studies. As there are some differences in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy between animal models and humans, the development of new animal models is necessary to understand better the epileptogenic process and, or discover novel therapies for this disorder.

scholarly journals Contribution of IL-6 to the Hsp72, Hsp25, and αβ-crystallin responses to inflammation and exercise training in mouse skeletal and cardiac muscle

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1830-1836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Huey ◽  
Benjamin M. Meador
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cardiac Muscles ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
Dependent Mechanism

The heat shock proteins (Hsps) Hsp72, Hsp25, and αβ-crystallin (αβC) may protect tissues during exercise and/or inflammatory insults; however, no studies have investigated whether exercise training increases both basal and inflammation-induced expression of these Hsps in skeletal or cardiac muscle. IL-6 is produced by muscle during both exercise and inflammation and has been shown to modulate Hsp expression. These studies tested the hypothesis that voluntary wheel running (RW) increases basal and inflammation-induced Hsp72, Hsp25, and αβC protein through an IL-6-dependent mechanism. We compared Hsp72, Hsp25, αβC, and IL-6 protein levels 4 h after systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in skeletal and cardiac muscles of wild-type (IL-6+/+) and IL-6 deficient (IL-6−/−) mice after 2 wk of RW or normal cage activity (Sed). LPS significantly increased skeletal Hsp72 and Hsp25 relative to saline in Sed IL-6+/+, but not IL-6−/− mice. LPS increased Hsp72 relative to saline in Sed IL-6+/+ cardiac muscle. RW increased basal Hsp72, Hsp25, and αβC in skeletal muscle in IL-6+/+ and IL-6−/− mice. However, LPS was not associated with increases in any Hsp in RW IL-6+/+ or IL-6−/− mice. LPS increased IL-6 protein in skeletal muscle and plasma in Sed and RW groups, with a significantly greater response in RW. The major results provide the first in vivo evidence that the absence of IL-6 is associated with reduced skeletal muscle Hsp72 and Hsp25 responses to LPS, but that IL-6 is not required for exercise-induced Hsp upregulation in skeletal or cardiac muscle.

scholarly journals Modeling spinal cord injuries: advantages and disadvantages

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-494
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Vissarionov ◽  
Timofey S. Rybinskikh ◽  
Marat S. Asadulaev ◽  
Nikita O. Khusainov
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Cord Injury

Background. Spinal cord injuries have diverse characteristics and associated traumatic changes; they are known as the most severe injuries of locomotorium. The creation of an optimal experimental model of spinal cord injuries using experimental animals, which would have similar changes in humans, is important to assess and analyze the pathological processes, as well as to develop complex treatment methods. Aim. This study aimed to analyze various experimental models of spinal cord injury using laboratory animals by assessing its advantages and disadvantages for further research and implementation in clinical practice. Materials and methods. A literature review was performed on the capabilities of experimental models of traumatic spinal cord injury in laboratory animals. A literature search was carried out using databases of PubMed, Science Direct, E-library, and Google Scholar for the period from 1981 to 2019; the keywords are shown below. In total, 105 foreign and 37 domestic articles were identified, 59 articles were analyzed after exclusion, and 75% of studies were published in the last 20 years. Results. The review of available experimental options of spinal cord injury in laboratory animals revealed that a generally accepted universal model is not yet established. The experimental animal models had characteristics that do not correspond to the same parameters in an actual clinical situation. Besides, some difficulties were encountered in the estimation of pathological processes of experimental animals, translations with clinical changes, and interpretations of achieved functional results in experimental animals, which complicated the application in clinical practice. Conclusion. Development of experimental models of spinal cord injury that can consider multifactorial aspects of the trauma process, including its biomechanics and time factor, is necessary.

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