scholarly journals Importance of knowledge on lipid composition of foods to support development towards consumption of higher levels of n-3 fatty acids via freshwater fish

2009 ◽  
pp. S39-S45
Author(s):  
J Pickova
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Product Label ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Lack Of Information

The need of better labelling of fats in processed animal origin products is urgent. The lack of information makes it possible to exclude n-3 fatty acids in preparations of foods. The higher fat content, the higher n-6/n-3 ratio seems to be a rule. It is desirable to broaden the labelling into which oils have been used when foods are processed. The dietary balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids is important for homeostasis and normal development in humans. The ratio between n-6/n-3 fatty acids suggested to be evolutionary developed is between 1 and 4. The main conclusion is that the fat sources used during processing and preparation of convenient foods have the largest impact on the food FA content and composition. A proposal is therefore that this should be declared on the product label especially the n-3 FA content. It is also of large importance to increase consumption of freshwater fish fed suitable feeds containing n-3 fatty acids in central Europe to enable a generally lower n-6/n-3 ratio in the human diet. Therefore optimizing feeds to freshwater fish in culture is urgent and important.

scholarly journals Salmonids as Natural Functional Food Rich in Omega-3 PUFA

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2409
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kolanowski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Salmonid Fish ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Pufa Content ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Fish Fillets ◽  
Food Market

Salmonids are valuable fish in the human diet due to their high content of bioactive omega-3 very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC PUFA). The aim of this study was to assess the omega-3 VLC PUFA content in selected salmonid fish present on the food market regarding whether they were farm-raised or wild. It was assumed that farm-raised fish, by eating well-balanced feed enriched with omega-3 PUFA, might contain omega-3 VLC PUFA in levels similar to that of wild fish. Fat content, fatty acid composition and omega-3 VLC PUFA content in fish fillets were measured. Farm-raised salmon from Norway, wild Baltic salmon, farm-raised rainbow trout and brown trout were bought from a food market whereas wild trout (rainbow and brown) were caught alive. The fat content in fish ranged from 3.3 to 8.0 g/100 g of fillet. It was confirmed that although wild salmonid fish contain 10–25% more omega-3 VLC PUFA in lipid fraction, the farm-raised ones, due to the 60–100% higher fat content, are an equally rich source of these desirable fatty acids in the human diet. One serving (130 g) of salmonid fish fillets might provide a significant dose of omega-3 VLC PUFA, from 1.2 to 2.5 g. Thus, due to very high content of bioactive fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) in their meat, salmonid fish currently present on the food market, both sea and freshwater as well as wild and farm-raised, should be considered as natural functional food.

Effects of dietary lipid composition on growth, food utilization and body composition of European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. García-Gallego ◽  
H. Akharbach ◽  
M. de la Higuera
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Body Fat Content

AbstractSix experimental diets with similar contents of macronutrients (450, 300 and 70 g/kg dry matter of protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively) and, therefore, total energy, hut differing in the composition of lipid component, were each given to three replicate groups of European eel. Different fat mixtures were used to formulate diets with different levels of fatty acids considered as essential for fish: linoleic (18: 2n6), linolenic (18: ЗпЗ) and highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA)n3, mainly EPA (20: 5n3) and DHA (22: 6n3). One tested diet contained low levels of all the three components, three diets had a high level of each one of these, the fifth diet contained high levels of both 18C fatty acids and, finally, a sixth diet incorporated simultaneously high amounts of 18: 2n6 and (HUFA)nЗ.Dietary lipid composition did not significantly affect food intake or protein and fat apparent digestibility. However, growth and food efficiency were the best with the diet containing approximately 5 g/kg of both linoleic and linolenic acids. Although all groups increased their body fat content over the experiment, the fatty acid composition of total muscle lipids was rather insensitive to lipid dietary composition, perhaps due to the high body fat content of the eels prior to the experiment.

scholarly journals Metabolism of arachidonic acid, its concentration in animal products and influence on inflammatory processes in the human body: a review / Metabolizm kwasu arachidonowego, jego stężenie w produktach zwierzęcych i wpływ na procesy zapalne w organizmie człowieka – artykuł przeglądowy

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Bederska-Łojewska ◽  
Sylwia Orczewska-Dudek ◽  
Marek Pieszka
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
The Body ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Abstract In this review paper we focused on the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), an n-6 fatty acid. It can be metabolized to many compounds having a broad effect in the body. Their homeostasis and human health depend on the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids. These compounds, taken together with the products of animal origin and vegetables should be better balanced in the human diet. This can be achieved by reducing arachidonic acid and its precursors through a diet that modifies the content of AA in animal products such as eggs, milk and meat

scholarly journals The Effect of Fat Content and Fatty Acids Composition on Color and Textural Properties of Butter

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4565
Author(s):  
Sergiu Pădureţ
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Color Parameter ◽  
Butter Fat ◽  
Composition Variation ◽  
Texture Parameters ◽  
The Impact

The textural properties of butter are influenced by its fat content and implicitly by the fatty acids composition. The impact of butter’s chemical composition variation was studied in accordance with texture and color properties. From 37 fatty acids examined, only 18 were quantified in the analyzed butter fat samples, and approximately 69.120% were saturated, 25.482% were monounsaturated, and 5.301% were polyunsaturated. The butter samples’ viscosity ranged between 0.24 and 2.12 N, while the adhesiveness ranged between 0.286 to 18.19 N·mm. The principal component analysis (PCA) separated the butter samples based on texture parameters, fatty acids concentration, and fat content, which were in contrast with water content. Of the measured color parameters, the yellowness b* color parameter is a relevant indicator that differentiated the analyzed sample into seven statistical groups; the ANOVA statistics highlighted this difference at a level of p < 0.001.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Cis-11,12-Methylene-Hexadecanoic Acid in the Red Alga Solieria pacifica (Yamada) Yoshida

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2286
Author(s):  
Gwang-Woo Kim ◽  
Jae-Man Sim ◽  
Yutaka Itabashi ◽  
Min-Jeong Jung ◽  
Joon-Young Jun
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Monoenoic Acid ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Hexadecenoic Acid ◽  
Cyclopropane Fatty Acid ◽  
Hexadecanoic Acid

Fatty acids in marine algae have attracted the attention of natural chemists because of their biological activity. The fatty acid compositions of the Solieriaceae families (Rhodophyceae, Gaigartinales) provide interesting information that unusual cyclic fatty acids have been occasionally found. A survey was conducted to profile the characteristic fatty acid composition of the red alga Solieria pacifica (Yamada) Yoshida using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). In S. pacifica, two cyclopentyl fatty acids, 11-cyclopentylundecanoic acid (7.0%), and 13-cyclopentyltridecanoic acid (4.9%), and a cyclopropane fatty acid, cis-11,12-methylene-hexadecanoic acid (7.9%) contributed significantly to the overall fatty acid profile. In particular, this cyclopropane fatty acid has been primarily found in bacteria, rumen microorganisms or foods of animal origin, and has not previously been found in any other algae. In addition, this alga contains a significant amount of the monoenoic acid cis-11-hexadecenoic acid (9.0%). Therefore, cis-11,12-methylene-hexadecanoic acid in S. pacifica was likely produced by methylene addition to cis-11-hexadecenoic acid.

Fatty acid profile of milk from Nordestina donkey breed raised on Caatinga pasture

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Tayanna Bernardo Oliveira Nunes Messias ◽  
Susana Paula Alves ◽  
Rui José Branquinho Bessa ◽  
Marta Suely Madruga ◽  
Maria Teresa Bertoldo Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Donkey Milk ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Third ◽  
Commercial Viability

Abstract In this research communication we describe the composition of fatty acids (FA) present in the milk of the Nordestina donkey breed, and how they differ during lactation. Milk samples were taken from 24 multiparous lactating Nordestina donkeys that grazed the Caatinga, comprising 5 animals at each of around 30, 60 and 90 d in milk (DIM) and a further 9 animals ranging from 120 to 180 DIM. The milk fat content was analysed by mid infrared spectroscopy and the FA profile by gas chromatography. The milk fat percentage ranged from 0.45 to 0.61%. The main FA found in milk were 16:0 and 18:1c9. These did not differ among DIM classes and comprised 23% and 25% of total FA. Notably, the α-Linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) was the third most abundant FA and differed (P < 0.05) with DIM, being lowest in the 30 and 60 DIM samples (around 10.7% of total FA) and highest in the 60 and 90 DIM classes (around 14.6% of total FA). The low-fat content and the FA profile of the donkey milk gives it potential as a functional ingredient, which could help to preserve the commercial viability of the Nordestina donkey breed.

scholarly journals Health-Promoting Properties of the Wild-Harvested Meat of Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2108
Author(s):  
Anna Milczarek ◽  
Alina Janocha ◽  
Grażyna Niedziałek ◽  
Michalina Zowczak-Romanowicz ◽  
Elżbieta Horoszewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Health Promoting

The present studies aimed to analyse and assess the health-promoting properties of the musculus semimembranosus (MS) of roe and red deer harvested in the wild. The experimental materials comprising the carcasses of roe deer (15 does and 15 bucks) and red deer (15 hinds and 15 stags) were selected for analysis based on the following criteria: age of animals at harvest—3–4 years; time that passed from the harvest of animals to carcass cutting—48–54 h. After chilling the carcasses for 24 h at +2 °C, the haunches were cut from the carcasses and transported to the laboratory in isothermal ice-packed containers. Samples of the musculus semimembranosus were analysed to determine the chemical composition (proximate components, energy value, Fe, Pb, Cd, fatty acids). More (p ≤ 0.05) dry matter and total protein and less (p ≤ 0.05) crude fat was found in the musculus semimembranosus of roe deer in comparison to red deer. No significant influence of the animal’s sex was observed in the content of the evaluated nutrients, apart from crude fat content, which was increased in the haunch of females from both species. The energy content in the muscle of roe deer was 10% higher than the energy value of MS in red deer (p ≤ 0.05). The content of iron was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher (6.64 mg/kg) in the meat of red deer compared to the meat of roe deer (31.68 mg/kg). Roe deer haunch contained more lead but less cadmium than red deer haunch. Irrespective of sex, the lipid fraction of red deer muscle contained more saturated fatty acids (SFA). Intramuscular fat (IMF) in roe deer meat contained a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) index values were significantly lower in roe deer haunch, and the hypocholesterolaemic-to-hypercholesterolaemic fatty acids ratio (HH) was lower (p ≤ 0.05) in red deer meat. To sum up, the evaluated roe deer and red deer haunch featured high dietary value as it contained a high protein and low fat content and had an advantageous fatty acids composition. As regards the content of cadmium and lead, roe deer and red deer haunch can be considered safe for consumers.

scholarly journals Optimization Model of Phenolics Encapsulation Conditions for Biofortification in Fatty Acids of Animal Food Products

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 881
Author(s):  
Roberta Tolve ◽  
Fernanda Galgano ◽  
Nicola Condelli ◽  
Nazarena Cela ◽  
Luigi Lucini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Wide Range

The nutritional quality of animal products is strongly related to their fatty acid content and composition. Nowadays, attention is paid to the possibility of producing healthier foods of animal origin by intervening in animal feed. In this field, the use of condensed tannins as dietary supplements in animal nutrition is becoming popular due to their wide range of biological effects related, among others, to their ability to modulate the rumen biohydrogenation and biofortify, through the improvement of the fatty acids profile, the derivate food products. Unfortunately, tannins are characterized by strong astringency and low bioavailability. These disadvantages could be overcome through the microencapsulation in protective matrices. With this in mind, the optimal conditions for microencapsulation of a polyphenolic extract rich in condensed tannins by spray drying using a blend of maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) as shell material were investigated. For this purpose, after the extract characterization, through spectrophotometer assays and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry, a central composite design (CCD) was employed to investigate the combined effects of core:shell and MD:GA ratio on the microencapsulation process. The results obtained were used to develop second-order polynomial regression models on different responses, namely encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and tannin content. The formulation characterized by a core:shell ratio of 1.5:5 and MD:GA ratio of 4:6 was selected as the optimized one with a loading capacity of 17.67%, encapsulation efficiency of 76.58%, encapsulation yield of 35.69%, and tannin concentration of 14.46 g/100 g. Moreover, in vitro release under varying pH of the optimized formulation was carried out with results that could improve the use of microencapsulated condensed tannins in animal nutrition for the biofortification of derivates.

scholarly journals Valuable Fatty Acids in Bryophytes—Production, Biosynthesis, Analysis and Applications

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu ◽  
Eiriksson ◽  
Thorsteinsdóttir ◽  
Simonsen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Algae Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) often produce high amounts of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (vl-PUFAs) including arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 △5,8,11,14) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 △5,8,11,14,17). The presence of vl-PUFAs is common for marine organisms such as algae, but rarely found in higher plants. This could indicate that bryophytes did not lose their marine origin completely when they landed into the non-aqueous environment. Vl-PUFA, especially the omega-3 fatty acid EPA, is essential in human diet for its benefits on healthy brain development and inflammation modulation. Recent studies are committed to finding new sources of vl-PUFAs instead of fish and algae oil. In this review, we summarize the fatty acid compositions and contents in the previous studies, as well as the approaches for qualification and quantification. We also conclude different approaches to enhance AA and EPA productions including biotic and abiotic stresses.

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