scholarly journals Atlantic puffin diet reflects haddock and redfish abundance in the Gulf of Maine

2020 ◽  
Vol 656 ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
KM Depot ◽  
LC Scopel ◽  
SW Kress ◽  
P Shannon ◽  
AW Diamond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
Generalist Predator ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management ◽  
Atlantic Puffin

Ecosystem-based fisheries management, which considers the interactions between fisheries, target species, and the physical and biological components of ecosystems, is necessary to ensure that directed fisheries avoid adverse impacts to ecosystems over the long term. The successful implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management requires an understanding of predator-prey relationships and ways to operationalize such relationships to inform fisheries management. Here, we investigated if the diet of a generalist predator, Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica, can be used as an indicator of the abundance of 2 commercially exploited prey species (haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and Acadian redfish Sebastes fasciatus) in the Gulf of Maine. Because haddock and redfish eaten by puffins are juveniles (age 0), there is potential to use their proportions and lengths in puffin diet to better understand the processes influencing haddock and redfish recruitment. By using principal component analysis to develop measures of diet across multiple puffin colonies, we show both spatial variation and large-scale patterns in the proportions and lengths of haddock and redfish in puffin diet. Spawning stock biomass was a strong predictor of haddock proportion in puffin diet and a moderate predictor of redfish proportion; however, proportions in puffin diet did not predict age-1 recruitment, suggesting that variation in recruitment is caused by processes that occur after the puffin breeding season and which affect the survival of older juveniles. Haddock length on one colony was a moderate predictor of age-1 recruitment. We conclude that puffin diet can be used as an indicator of haddock and redfish abundance.

scholarly journals Appraising the Status of Fish Community Structure in the Yellow Sea Based on an Indicator-Testing Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuru Li ◽  
Shuyang Ma ◽  
Caihong Fu ◽  
Yongjun Tian ◽  
Jianchao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Fish Community ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
Total Catch ◽  
Fish Community Structure ◽  
Testing Framework ◽  
The Status ◽  
Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management

Fish community structure (FCS) of the Yellow Sea (YS) is affected by multiple pressures. Quantifying the responses of indicators of FCS (IFCSs) to pressures is a key aspect of ecosystem-based fisheries management. Quantitative methodology has hitherto been rarely applied to evaluate the performance of ecological indicators in response to physical and anthropogenic pressures and management actions. In this study, we adopted a quantitative and flexible framework to quantify the performance of IFCSs in the YS as well as to identify a suite of operational IFCSs to evaluate the status of the FCS via two state-space approaches. A total of 22 IFCSs were tested for their responses to three types of pressures including anthropogenic activities (fishing), large-scale climate change, and regional environmental variables. Our results indicate that the majority of IFCSs have good performance in terms of sensitivity in their responses to pressures, but weak performance in terms of robustness. The IFCSs tend to respond stronger to fishing than to large-scale climatic indices and regional environmental indices both in terms of sensitivity and robustness. A final indicator suite of five best-performing IFCSs was identified. The five IFCSs include total catch (ToC), mean trophic level (MTL), the ratio of catch of large predatory groups to total catch (LPC/ToC), mean temperature of catch (MTC) [or alternatively catch of small pelagic groups (SPC)], and functional evenness based on thermal groups (T-J′FD), all of which show regime shift patterns consistent with climate change. Compared to a reference period (1960–1964), the status of the current FCS has been obviously changed, and the long-term trajectories of the final indicator suite is consistent with that of fishing pressure. This study demonstrates the applicability of the indicator-testing framework in appraising the status of FCS, and facilitates moving towards ecosystem-based fisheries management in the YS.

Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing

2005 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Ecosystem Processes ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Benthic Habitats ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Ecosystem Effects ◽  
Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management

<strong><em>Abstract. </em></strong>We review the impacts of towed gears on benthic habitats and communities and predict the consequences of these impacts for ecosystem processes. Our emphasis is on the additive and synergistic large-scale effects of fishing, and we assess how changes in the distribution of fishing activity following management action are likely to affect production, turnover time, and nutrient fluxes in ecosystems. Analyses of the large-scale effects of fishing disturbance show that the initial effects of fishing on a habitat have greater ecosystem consequences than repeated fishing in fished areas. As a result, patchy fishing effort distributions have lower total impacts on the ecosystem than random or uniform effort distributions. In most fisheries, the distribution of annual fishing effort within habitats is more patchy than random, and patterns of effort are maintained from year to year. Our analyses suggest that many vulnerable species and habitats have only persisted in heavily fished ecosystems because effort is patchy. Ecosystem-based fisheries management involves taking account of the ecosystem effects of fishing when setting management objectives. One step that can be taken toward ecosystem-based fisheries management is to make an a priori assessment of the ecosystem effects of proposed management actions such as catch controls, effort controls, and technical measures. We suggest a process for predicting the ecosystem consequences of management action. This requires information on habitat distributions, models to predict changes in the spatial distribution of fleets following management action, and models of the impacts of trawling disturbance on ecosystem processes. For each proposed management action, the change in disturbance affecting different habitat types would be predicted and used to forecast the consequences for the ecosystem. These simulations would be used to produce a decision table, quantifying the consequences of alternative management actions. Actions that minimize the ecosystem effects of fishing could then be identified. In data-poor situations, we suggest that management strategies that maintain or maximize the patchiness of effort within habitat types are more consistent with the precautionary approach than those that lead to more uniform fishing effort distributions.

scholarly journals Recent changes in the diet and survival of Atlantic puffin chicks in the face of climate change and commercial fishing in midcoast Maine, USA

FACETS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Kress ◽  
Paula Shannon ◽  
Christopher O’Neal
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Atlantic Puffin

We examined the diet of Atlantic puffin ( Fratercula arctica) chicks at three midcoast Maine, USA, colonies during the years 2005–2014 and found that the puffins at each island have a distinct diet that has changed in recent years. White hake ( Urophycis tenuis) is by far the most frequently delivered prey at each island. Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus) is the second most frequently delivered food, but has declined in recent years on two islands. In contrast, butterfish ( Poronotus triacanthus), haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and redfish ( Sebastes spp.) have increased in the puffin diet on all islands. Chick condition declined significantly from 1993 to 2009. We demonstrate that puffin chicks with greater body weight experience a higher chance of postfledging survival as compared to chicks with lower body weight. The years 2012–2013 were a period of extreme sea surface warming, in which puffin hatching success and productivity sharply declined. This study provides new insight into changes in marine communities, examining changes in chick diet. We discuss our findings in relation to warming sea surface temperatures, recent climate-related decline in puffin productivity in the Gulf of Maine, and the impact of commercial fisheries on forage fish.

Ecosystem-based fisheries management: some practical suggestions

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 928-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J Marasco ◽  
Daniel Goodman ◽  
Churchill B Grimes ◽  
Peter W Lawson ◽  
Andre E Punt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Single Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Transition Modeling ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management

Globally, there is increased scientific and public interest in the concept of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). This trend is fueled by a widespread perception that large-scale fishing operations are powerful forces altering the structure and function of marine ecosystems. It is acknowledged that management needs to better account for variations in ocean productivity, stock structure, and changing social values. Many countries are contemplating how to improve ocean fishery management. In the United States, fishery management bodies are experiencing pressure to undertake the daunting task of moving from their current single-species management plans to EBFM. Impediments include lack of a clear definition of EBFM, what it entails, or how to proceed. In this paper, characteristics of fishery management that are unique to EBFM are identified. The transition to EBFM needs to be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. A course of action is outlined that can be used to guide this transition. Modeling approaches and metrics useful for planning, implementing, and evaluating EBFM are discussed, with particular emphasis on management strategy evaluation.

scholarly journals Interdecadal variability in the Gulf of Maine zooplankton community, with potential impacts on fish recruitment

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1511-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Pershing ◽  
Charles H. Greene ◽  
Jack W. Jossi ◽  
Loretta O'Brien ◽  
Jon K.T. Brodziak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Interdecadal Variability ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We used principal component analysis (PCA) to explore interannual changes in a time-series lasting more than 40 years of zooplankton abundance from NOAA's Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey. This analysis identified a complex of taxa, including Centropages typicus, Oithona spp., Pseudocalanus spp., and Metridia lucens that followed a common pattern of interdecadal variability characterized by a dramatic increase in these taxa around 1990, followed by a rapid decline in 2002. All of these taxa showed a large proportional increase in winter abundance between the 1980s and 1990s. These changes could be driven by increased primary productivity during winter, caused by a large-scale freshening of the Northwest Atlantic Shelf. In addition to the “community shift” mode, the analysis found a strong mode of interannual variability attributed to previously described changes in the abundance of late-stage Calanus finmarchicus. To explore the impact of these modes on higher trophic levels, we correlated the zooplankton modes with recruitment time-series from 12 fish stocks from the Gulf of Maine region. Several significant correlations were found, suggesting that the changes in the zooplankton modes may reflect broad changes in the Gulf of Maine ecosystem.

Recruitment Patterns in Northwest Atlantic Fish Stocks

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1722-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anthony Koslow
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Melanogrammus Aeglefinus ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Physical Forcing ◽  
Positive Correlations

By analysing recruitment time series for 14 stocks of northwest Atlantic fish, I have found consistent positive correlations in recruitment among stocks within such species as cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and herring (Clupea harengus). Significant positive correlations are also often found in recruitment among demersal, offshore-spawning species (cod, haddock, and redfish (Sebastes spp.)), and recruitment in these groups tends to be negatively correlated with that of pelagic species, which spawn inshore (herring) or in restricted waters (mackerel (Scomber scombrus)). These patterns emerge as well from a principal component (PC) analysis of the recruitment data. Three dominant patterns (PC 1–3) explain 78% of the variance of the data set. I suggest that the spatial extent of these patterns, which span the region from west Greenland to Georges Bank, indicates that large-scale physical forcing, rather than local biological interactions, predominantly regulates recruitment to northwest Atlantic fisheries.

scholarly journals Reducing Postpartum Weight Retention: A Review of the Implementation Challenges of Postpartum Lifestyle Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1891
Author(s):  
Maureen Makama ◽  
Helen Skouteris ◽  
Lisa J. Moran ◽  
Siew Lim
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Postpartum Women ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Postpartum Weight Retention ◽  
Weight Retention ◽  
Postpartum Weight

Postpartum weight retention (PPWR) is a strong predictor of obesity in later life with long term health consequences in women. Suboptimal lifestyle behaviours (e.g., diet and physical activity) contribute to PPWR. Postpartum lifestyle interventions are known to be efficacious in reducing PPWR; however, there are challenges to their successful implementation. To inform implementation, this narrative review provides an overview of the factors that contribute to PPWR, the efficacy of existing postpartum lifestyle interventions and key determinants of effective implementation using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) across intervention characteristics, implementation process, individual characteristics and outer and inner setting. We then suggest strategies to improve the translation of evidence into large-scale interventions that deliver on health impact in postpartum women. We have identified gaps that need to be addressed to advance postpartum lifestyle research, including the involvement of postpartum women and community members as key stakeholders for optimal reach and engagement, more complete reporting of intervention characteristics to optimize translation of evidence into practice, capacity building of health professionals and guidelines for postpartum lifestyle management.

Some applications of electron beam microanalysis techniques in VLSI process evaluation

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
Simon Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Process Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Analysis Of Failures ◽  
Characterization Of Materials ◽  
Circuits Vlsi

Trends in the technology development of very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) have been in the direction of higher density of components with smaller dimensions. The scaling down of device dimensions has been not only laterally but also in depth. Such efforts in miniaturization bring with them new developments in materials and processing. Successful implementation of these efforts is, to a large extent, dependent on the proper understanding of the material properties, process technologies and reliability issues, through adequate analytical studies. The analytical instrumentation technology has, fortunately, kept pace with the basic requirements of devices with lateral dimensions in the micron/ submicron range and depths of the order of nonometers. Often, newer analytical techniques have emerged or the more conventional techniques have been adapted to meet the more stringent requirements. As such, a variety of analytical techniques are available today to aid an analyst in the efforts of VLSI process evaluation. Generally such analytical efforts are divided into the characterization of materials, evaluation of processing steps and the analysis of failures.

scholarly journals Content-Based Estimation of Brain MRI Tilt in Three Orthogonal Directions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Prabhu ◽  
A. K. Karunakar ◽  
Sanjib Sinha ◽  
N. Mariyappa ◽  
G. K. Bhargava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Morphological Operations ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Tilt Correction ◽  
Brain Mr Images ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIn a general scenario, the brain images acquired from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may experience tilt, distorting brain MR images. The tilt experienced by the brain MR images may result in misalignment during image registration for medical applications. Manually correcting (or estimating) the tilt on a large scale is time-consuming, expensive, and needs brain anatomy expertise. Thus, there is a need for an automatic way of performing tilt correction in three orthogonal directions (X, Y, Z). The proposed work aims to correct the tilt automatically by measuring the pitch angle, yaw angle, and roll angle in X-axis, Z-axis, and Y-axis, respectively. For correction of the tilt around the Z-axis (pointing to the superior direction), image processing techniques, principal component analysis, and similarity measures are used. Also, for correction of the tilt around the X-axis (pointing to the right direction), morphological operations, and tilt correction around the Y-axis (pointing to the anterior direction), orthogonal regression is used. The proposed approach was applied to adjust the tilt observed in the T1- and T2-weighted MR images. The simulation study with the proposed algorithm yielded an error of 0.40 ± 0.09°, and it outperformed the other existing studies. The tilt angle (in degrees) obtained is ranged from 6.2 ± 3.94, 2.35 ± 2.61, and 5 ± 4.36 in X-, Z-, and Y-directions, respectively, by using the proposed algorithm. The proposed work corrects the tilt more accurately and robustly when compared with existing studies.

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