Particle size, flow speed, and body size interactions determine feeding rates of a solitary ascidian Styela plicata: a flume experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 495 ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
AN Sumerel ◽  
CM Finelli
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Flume Experiment ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Styela Plicata ◽  
Solitary Ascidian

scholarly journals Air-Fluidized Aggregates of Black Soldier fly Larvae

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hungtang Ko ◽  
Grace J. Cassidy ◽  
Olga Shishkov ◽  
Enes Aydin ◽  
David L. Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Study ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Value Functions ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Dead Larva ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae

Black soldier fly larvae are a sustainable protein source and play a vital role in the emerging food-waste recycling industry. One of the challenges of raising larvae in dense aggregations is their rise in temperature during feeding, which, if not mitigated, can become lethal to the larvae. We propose applying air-fluidization to circumvent such overheating. However, the behavior of such a system involves complex air-larva interactions and is poorly understood. In this combined experimental and numerical study, we show that the larval activity changes the behavior of the ensemble when compared to passive particles such as dead larvae. Over a cycle of increasing and then decreasing airflow, the states (pressure and height) of the live larva aggregates are single-value functions of the flow speed. In contrast, dead larva aggregates exhibit hysteresis characteristic of traditional fluidized beds, becoming more porous during the ramp down of airflow. This history-dependence for passive particles is supported by simulations that couple agent-based dynamics and computational fluid dynamics. We show that the hysteresis in height and pressure of the aggregates decreases as the activity of simulated larvae increases. To test if air fluidization can increase larval food intake, we performed feeding trials in a fluidization chamber and visualized the food consumption via x-ray imaging. Although the food mixes more rapidly in faster airflow, the consumption rate decreases. Our findings suggest that providing moderate airflow to larval aggregations may alleviate overheating of larval aggregations and evenly distribute the food without reducing feeding rates.

Comparative physiology of suspension-feeding in living brachiopods and bivalves: evolutionary implications

Paleobiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Clark Rhodes ◽  
R. J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Suspension Feeding ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Comparative Physiology ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Bivalve Molluscs ◽  
Significant Component ◽  
Experimental Conditions

This paper presents scaling equations relating suspension-feeding rates to body size for articulate brachiopods and bivalve molluscs, two classes which represent a significant component of the fossil record of marine benthic communities. Clearance (feeding) rates of five species of living articulate brachiopods and three species of epifaunal suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs collected from mid-latitude fjords of Newfoundland and New Zealand were measured in similar experimental conditions. In comparisons within and between the two classes, we found that both plectolophous and spirolophous brachiopods had significantly lower feeding rates than mytilids, which are filibranchs, but that a sympatric primitive eulamellibranch veneroid bivalve had rates comparable to the brachiopods. Articulate brachiopods do not appear to feed effectively at the high algal concentrations which bivalves can exploit. The data on comparative suspension-feeding rates support the hypothesis that past changes in diversity and distribution of bivalves and brachiopods may be related to an overall increase in energy flux and escalation of metabolic rates during the Phanerozoic.

Experimental Analysis of the Direct and indirect Effects of an Omnivorous Filter-Feeding Clupeid on Plankton Community Structure

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1935-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray W. Drenner ◽  
Stephen T. Threlkeld ◽  
Michael D. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Plankton Community ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Dorosoma Cepedianum ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Filter Feeding ◽  
Menidia Beryllina ◽  
Plankton Community Structure

In laboratory trials, feeding rates of an omnivorous filter-feeding clupeid, Dorosoma cepedianum, increased as a function of particle size, with maximal rates on microspheres, spherical algae, and Zooplankton >40 μm; it did not efficiently feed on filamentous Anabaena flos-aquae. To examine the community level impacts of Dorosoma, we conducted four seasonal outdoor tank experiments of cross-classified design involving two or three densities of Dorosoma and two densities of the zooplanktivorous atherinid fish, Menidia beryllina. We attempted to discriminate between the direct and indirect effects of Dorosoma on phytoplankton by using Menidia to produce indirect effects on phytoplankton by suppressing Zooplankton. Experiments began in November, March, June, and September and lasted for 45–53 d. Dorosoma suppressed most Zooplankton in at least one experiment and enhanced algal standing crops in all four experiments, as indicated by increased algal chlorophyll fluorescence, turbidity, Coulter counts and microscopic algal counts, and decreased Secchi depths. Because in three out of four experiments Menidia suppressed Zooplankton biomass to a greater extent than Dorosoma without enhancing phytoplankton, we reject the hypothesis that the enhancement of phytoplankton by Dorosoma was an indirect effect of Zooplankton biomass suppression.

Particle-Size-Conversion Efficiency and Contaminant Concentrations in Lake Ontario Biota

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Borgmann ◽  
D. M. Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Zooplankton Production

The particle-size-conversion efficiency (log food consumption/production divided by log predator prey size ratio) is shown to be directly related to the relationship between the concentration of persistent contaminants accumulated primarily through the food chain and body size for organisms in pelagic ecosystems. The difference between particle-size-conversion efficiency for biomass and that for the contaminant gives the slope of the relationship between log contaminant concentration and log body size. This provides a useful theoretical framework for analyzing contaminant concentrations in aquatic biota without the need for specifying trophic level but still incorporating the idea of food chain accumulation. Concentrations of PCB, DDT, and mercury were examined in aquatic organisms from Lake Ontario, ranging in size from zooplankton to large salmonids (a 108 -fold range in dry weight). The slope of the double log plot of concentration versus weight varied from 0.20 to 0.22 for PCB and DDT and was approximately equal to 0.13 for mercury. This indicates that mercury is accumulated less efficiently through the food chain than PCB or DDT. After correcting for incomplete uptake and retention of the contaminant, an estimate of particle-size-conversion efficiency for biomass of about 0.26 was obtained, which agrees reasonably well with previous estimates obtained from growth efficiency experiments and analysis of particle-size spectra. These calculations indicate that potential fish production in Lake Ontario is ~ 120-fold lower than zooplankton production (for fish averaging 108-fold larger in body size as compared to zooplankton).Key words: particle-size-conversion efficiency, PCB, DDT, mercury, zooplankton production, fish production

scholarly journals Egg Size, Body Size, Locomotion, and Feeding Performance in Captive King Eider Ducklings

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa R. Anderson ◽  
Ray T. Alisauskas
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Egg Volume ◽  
King Eider ◽  
Somateria Spectabilis ◽  
Predator Evasion ◽  
Better Than

Abstract We studied the effect of egg volume and body size on swimming speed, endurance, and feeding rate in captive King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) ducklings in the Canadian arctic. Sprint speed, endurance, and feeding rate were positively related to egg size and body size. Large ducklings from large eggs performed better than small ducklings from small eggs. Ducklings that are more capable swimmers and have higher feeding rates may grow more quickly and be more effective at predator evasion. Thus, ducklings from large eggs may have a survival advantage over those from small eggs under conditions where predation and nutrition may constrain survival.

scholarly journals Putative stem cells in the hemolymph and in the intestinal submucosa of the solitary ascidian Styela plicata

EvoDevo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Jiménez-Merino ◽  
Isadora Santos de Abreu ◽  
Laurel S. Hiebert ◽  
Silvana Allodi ◽  
Stefano Tiozzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Proliferation Markers ◽  
Styela Plicata ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
Solitary Ascidian ◽  
Mesenchyme Cells ◽  
Intestinal Submucosa

Abstract Background In various ascidian species, circulating stem cells have been documented to be involved in asexual reproduction and whole-body regeneration. Studies of these cell population(s) are mainly restricted to colonial species. Here, we investigate the occurrence of circulating stem cells in the solitary Styela plicata, a member of the Styelidae, a family with at least two independent origins of coloniality. Results Using flow cytometry, we characterized a population of circulating putative stem cells (CPSCs) in S. plicata and determined two gates likely enriched with CPSCs based on morphology and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. We found an ALDH + cell population with low granularity, suggesting a stem-like state. In an attempt to uncover putative CPSCs niches in S. plicata, we performed a histological survey for hemoblast-like cells, followed by immunohistochemistry with stem cell and proliferation markers. The intestinal submucosa (IS) showed high cellular proliferation levels and high frequency of undifferentiated cells and histological and ultrastructural analyses revealed the presence of hemoblast aggregations in the IS suggesting a possible niche. Finally, we document the first ontogenetic appearance of distinct metamorphic circulatory mesenchyme cells, which precedes the emergence of juvenile hemocytes. Conclusions We find CPSCs in the hemolymph of the solitary ascidian Styela plicata, presumably involved in the regenerative capacity of this species. The presence of proliferating and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells suggests IS as a possible niche.

scholarly journals Rapid establishment of the non-indigenous ascidian Styela plicata and its associated bacteria in marinas and fishing harbors along the Mediterranean coast of Israel

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. NOVAK ◽  
S. LÓPEZ-LEGENTIL ◽  
E. SIERADZKI ◽  
N. SHENKAR
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Styela Plicata ◽  
Solitary Ascidian ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Surrounding Seawater

Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823) (Tunicata; Stolidobranchia; Styelidae) is a solitary ascidian with a global distribution. Until recently it had not been observed along the Mediterranean coast of Israel, but is now to be found in many harbors attached to suspended ropes and other artificial structures. In order to monitor the populations of S. plicata, we surveyed eight harbors along the Israeli Mediterranean coast. Our results show that the condition and maintenance of each harbor significantly affected the presence of S. plicata. We also characterized the microbial communities in the tunic of three individuals using 16S rRNA gene tag pyrosequencing and compared them to those in the surrounding seawater, in order to determine whether the symbiotic bacteria may contribute to the successful establishment of this ascidian species. We found 15 bacterial phyla in total, of which 14 were present in the animal hosts: 6 were present in all of the individuals and 4 in two of the individuals. Three of the 15 phyla observed were absent in the surrounding seawater. The high variability among the three hosts suggests a mechanism of horizontal transmission and may play a role in the process of invading new and less tolerant niches.

scholarly journals The Whereabouts of an Ancient Wanderer: Global Phylogeography of the Solitary Ascidian Styela plicata

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. e25495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Carmen Pineda ◽  
Susanna López-Legentil ◽  
Xavier Turon
Keyword(s):  
Styela Plicata ◽  
Solitary Ascidian

Nestling feeding rates and body size of adult House Sparrows

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bruce McGillivray
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Nestling Feeding ◽  
The Relationship

Much of the variance in feeding rates of nestlings by adult House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) at Calgary, Alberta appears to be due to individual variation in the quality of the parents. Males contribute less to nestling feeding than do males at other localities. The body size and sexual size dimorphism of House Sparrows has been shown to increase with increasing latitude in North America. Hence, sparrows at Calgary are larger than average and there is a suggestion that the relative contribution by the sexes is related to male size and concomitant energetic limitations. The relationship between weight and body size is strong in the fall for both male and female House Sparrows but is poor during the breeding season. Adult females, but not males, increase their nestling feeding rate in inclement weather.

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