scholarly journals Marine birds and plastic pollution

1987 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
MY Azzarello ◽  
ES Van Vleet
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Marine Birds

Marine birds and plastic debris in Canada: a national synthesis and a way forward

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer F. Provencher ◽  
Alexander L. Bond ◽  
Mark L. Mallory
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
National Strategy ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Marine Birds ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
United Nations Environmental Program ◽  
Subsequent Effect ◽  
The 1960S

Marine plastic ingestion by seabirds was first documented in the 1960s, but over 50 years later our understanding about the prevalence, intensity, and subsequent effect of plastic pollution in the oceans is still developing. In Canada, systematic assessments using recognized standard protocols began only in the mid-2000s. With marine plastic pollution identified by the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) as one of the most critical challenges for the environment, a greater understanding of how plastics affect marine birds in Canada, along with a national strategy, is timely and necessary. To better understand which and how many marine birds are affected by marine debris, we reviewed reports of plastic ingestion and nest incorporation in Canada. Of the 91 marine bird species found in Canadian waters, detailed plastic ingestion data from multiple years and locations are available for only six species. Another 33 species have incidental reports, and we lack any data on dozens more. Future efforts should focus on characterizing the risk of plastic ingestion among understudied species and on continued monitoring of species that are known indicators of plastic pollution internationally and found in multiple regions of Canada to facilitate comparisons at the national and international levels.

Variation in ice conditions has strong effects on the breeding of marine birds at Prince Leopold Island, Nunavut

Ecography ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Gaston ◽  
H. Grant Gilchrist ◽  
Mark L. Mallory
Keyword(s):  
Marine Birds ◽  
Ice Conditions

scholarly journals Poly(lactic Acid): A Versatile Biobased Polymer for the Future with Multifunctional Properties—From Monomer Synthesis, Polymerization Techniques and Molecular Weight Increase to PLA Applications

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1822
Author(s):  
Evangelia Balla ◽  
Vasileios Daniilidis ◽  
Georgia Karlioti ◽  
Theocharis Kalamas ◽  
Myrika Stefanidou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chain Extension ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Decomposition Reactions ◽  
Melt Polycondensation ◽  
Polymerization Conditions ◽  
Molecular Weight Increase

Environmental problems, such as global warming and plastic pollution have forced researchers to investigate alternatives for conventional plastics. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), one of the well-known eco-friendly biodegradables and biobased polyesters, has been studied extensively and is considered to be a promising substitute to petroleum-based polymers. This review gives an inclusive overview of the current research of lactic acid and lactide dimer techniques along with the production of PLA from its monomers. Melt polycondensation as well as ring opening polymerization techniques are discussed, and the effect of various catalysts and polymerization conditions is thoroughly presented. Reaction mechanisms are also reviewed. However, due to the competitive decomposition reactions, in the most cases low or medium molecular weight (MW) of PLA, not exceeding 20,000–50,000 g/mol, are prepared. For this reason, additional procedures such as solid state polycondensation (SSP) and chain extension (CE) reaching MW ranging from 80,000 up to 250,000 g/mol are extensively investigated here. Lastly, numerous practical applications of PLA in various fields of industry, technical challenges and limitations of PLA use as well as its future perspectives are also reported in this review.

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