scholarly journals Fast water currents reduce production performance of post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Solstorm ◽  
D Solstorm ◽  
F Oppedal ◽  
A Fernö ◽  
TWK Fraser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

scholarly journals Multiomics Provide Insights into the Key Molecules and Pathways Involved in the Physiological Adaptation of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to Chemotherapeutic-Induced Oxidative Stress

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1931
Author(s):  
Carlo C. Lazado ◽  
Gerrit Timmerhaus ◽  
Mette W. Breiland ◽  
Karin Pittman ◽  
Sigurd Hytterød
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Mucous Cell ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Although chemotherapeutics are used to treat infections in farmed fish, knowledge on how they alter host physiology is limited. Here, we elucidated the physiological consequences of repeated exposure to the potent oxidative chemotherapeutic peracetic acid (PAA) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Fish were exposed to the oxidant for 15 (short exposure) or 30 (long exposure) minutes every 15 days over 45 days. Unexposed fish served as the control. Thereafter, the ability of the remaining fish to handle a secondary stressor was investigated. Periodic chemotherapeutic exposure did not affect production performance, though survival was lower in the PAA-treated groups than in the control. Increased ventilation, erratic swimming, and a loss of balance were common behavioural manifestations during the oxidant exposure. The plasma reactive oxygen species levels increased in the PAA-treated groups, particularly after the third exposure, suggesting an alteration in the systemic oxidative stress status. Plasma indicators for internal organ health were affected to a certain degree, with the changes mainly observed after the second and third exposures. Metabolomics disclosed that the oxidant altered several circulating metabolites. Inosine and guanosine were the two metabolites significantly affected by the oxidative stressor, regardless of exposure time. A microarray analysis revealed that the gills and liver were more responsive to the oxidant than the skin, with the gills being the most sensitive. Moreover, the magnitude of the transcriptomic modifications depended on the exposure duration. A functional analysis showed that genes involved in immunity and ribosomal functions were significantly affected in the gills. In contrast, genes crucial for the oxidation-reduction process were mainly targeted in the liver. Skin mucus proteomics uncovered that the changes in the mucosal proteome were dependent on exposure duration and that the oxidant interfered with ribosome-related processes. Mucosal mapping revealed gill mucous cell hypertrophy after the second and third exposures, although the skin morphological parameters remained unaltered. Lastly, repeated oxidant exposures did not impede the ability of the fish to mount a response to a secondary stressor. This study provides insights into how a chemical oxidative stressor alters salmon physiology at both the systemic and mucosal levels. This knowledge will be pivotal in developing an evidence-driven approach to the use of oxidative therapeutics in fish, with some of the molecules and pathways identified as potential biomarkers and targets for assessing the physiological cost of these treatments.

Pectoral Fin and Opercular Movements of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Alevins

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Posterior Edge ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Development Proceeds

The pectoral fins of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) alevins change in shape and orientation as development proceeds. They flutter rhythmically at 100–150/min whereas opercula move infrequently in newly hatched alevins. Ablation of pectoral fins induces increased opercular movements. Rhythmic movements of the pectoral fins displace water from the posterior edge of the opercula to the area immediately behind the fins. The frequency of pectoral movements is influenced by changes in ambient PO2. The pectoral movements are probably useful in generating water currents around the alevin in the gravel interstices.

scholarly journals Dietary Deoxynivalenol (DON) May Impair the Epithelial Barrier and Modulate the Cytokine Signaling in the Intestine of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torfinn Moldal ◽  
Aksel Bernhoft ◽  
Grethe Rosenlund ◽  
Magne Kaldhusdal ◽  
Erling Koppang
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Distal Intestine ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Suppressors Of Cytokine Signaling

Impaired growth, immunity, and intestinal barrier in mammals, poultry, and carp have been attributed to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). The increased use of plant ingredients in aquaculture feed implies a risk for contamination with mycotoxins. The effects of dietary DON were explored in 12-month-old Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (start weight of 58 g) that were offered a standard feed with non-detectable levels of mycotoxins (control group) or 5.5 mg DON/kg feed (DON group). Each group comprised two tanks with 25 fish per tank. Five fish from each tank were sampled eight weeks after the start of the feeding trial, when mean weights for the control and DON groups were 123.2 g and 80.2 g, respectively. The relative expression of markers for three tight junction proteins (claudin 25b, occludin, and tricellulin) were lower, whereas the relative expression of a marker for proliferating cell nuclear antigen was higher in both the mid-intestine and the distal intestine in fish fed DON compared with fish from the control group. The relative expression of markers for two suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS1 and SOCS2) were higher in the distal intestine in fish fed DON. There was no indication of inflammation attributed to the feed in any intestinal segments. Our findings suggest that dietary DON impaired the intestinal integrity, while an inflammatory response appeared to be mitigated by suppressors of cytokine signaling. A dysfunctional intestinal barrier may have contributed to the impaired production performance observed in the DON group.

Effects of temperature and season on the position holding performance of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Rimmer ◽  
R. L. Saunders ◽  
U. Paim
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Critical Swimming Velocity ◽  
The Mean

The ability of wild and hatchery yearling Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to hold a position against water currents was tested in relation to water temperature and season. This species would not swim, but held positions on the bottom of the test apparatus. Their performance was, therefore, rated on the basis of critical holding velocity instead of critical swimming velocity, often used for other species. Qualitatively, the relationships of critical holding velocity with both temperature and season were similar for wild and hatchery fish. However, wild fish were consistently more able to hold positions against water currents so that the mean water velocities at which they were unable to stem water currents were 25–84% greater than those for hatchery fish. In the winter, the mean water velocities against which both wild and hatchery fish could no longer hold a position were 21.9–50.0% lower than in the summer. Seasonal changes in performance generally increased or decreased with water temperature except in winter when performance declined while water temperature was almost constant. Performance was high and almost unchanging for temperatures above 8 °C, but fell sharply below this temperature. We suggest that the sharp decrease in performance at 8 °C explains the previous observation that this species suddenly moves into the stream bed when temperature falls during the autumn.

scholarly journals Stocking density limits for post-smolt Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) with emphasis on production performance and welfare

Aquaculture ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 468 ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Calabrese ◽  
T.O. Nilsen ◽  
J. Kolarevic ◽  
L.O.E. Ebbesson ◽  
C. Pedrosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Morphological Basis of the Pectoral Fin Flutter of Embryonic Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2223-2227 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Peterson ◽  
J. Power ◽  
D. J. Martin-Robichaud
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Travelling Waves ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Water Currents ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
Muscle Groups

The pectoral fin of embryonic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) flutters rhythmically through most of the early development, probably to promote water currents near embryonic respiratory surfaces. A descriptive mechanical model of the anatomical basis of the fin movements involves four components. The basal coraco-scapular complex serves as a fulcrum for fin movements. The actinost forms a thin vane, which is alternately abducted and adducted by two opposing muscle groups originating on the coraco-scapular cartilage and inserting distally on the actinost. The last component, the fin membrane, moves as a result of travelling waves passing distad as a result of flexion of the actinost — a "whiplash" type of motion. The first five spinal nerves may be involved in generation of the rhythmic flutter.

Microstructure and texture of fresh and smoked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fillets from fish reared and slaughtered under different conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjofn Sigurgisladottir ◽  
Margret S. Sigurdardottir ◽  
Helga Ingvarsdottir ◽  
Ole J. Torrissen ◽  
Hannes Hafsteinsson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar
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