422. Vehicle Exhaust Flow Rates Versus Engine Speed in Design of Vehicle Exhaust Extraction Systems

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Keithley ◽  
A. Belden
Keyword(s):  
Engine Speed ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Versus Engine

In-Use Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions Measurement Using an Air-to-Fuel Ratio Derived Exhaust Flow Rate

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Nuszkowski ◽  
Jason D. Bolyard ◽  
Gregory J. Thompson ◽  
Daniel K. Carder
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Diesel Emissions ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel

Emissions produced by internal combustion engines during laboratory testing have been shown to not fully represent real world applications. Raw emissions measurements have aided the study of vehicle emissions resulting from in-use applications. In-use emissions measurements may be cumbersome; being that direct measurement of exhaust flow rate will often require that the vehicle exhaust system be modified. This paper investigated the feasibility of substituting exhaust air-to-fuel ratio and ECU fuel flow rates for the inferred measurement of exhaust flow rates. The air-to-fuel ratio for a diesel application was solved from the measured raw emissions of CO2, O2, and NOx. A 2002 Ford F-650, powered by a 2002 Cummins ISB diesel engine, was fitted with an Annubar™ exhaust flow rate measurement system (averaging pitot tube) in order to directly measure continuous exhaust flow rates. Concurrently, exhaust flow rates were estimated from air-to-fuel ratio, while “theoretical” exhaust flow rates were derived from engine speed, intake air density, and assumed volumetric efficiency. These surrogate measurements of exhaust flow rates were then compared with the direct measurements of flow rates obtained by the Annubar™ system. Fuel consumption estimates based on the air-to-fuel ratio derived exhaust flow rate and CO2, theoretical exhaust flow rate and CO2, and measured exhaust flow rates and CO2 were then compared with reported ECU fueling rates over the entire test and during NTE events. An error analysis was performed on the air-to-fuel ratio exhaust flow rate equation to quantify uncertainty resulting from the measurements and assumed parameters. The results showed that the air-to-fuel ratio derived exhaust flow rates compared well with the measured exhaust flow rates and the theoretical exhaust flow rates with an R2 value of 0.982 and 0.986, respectively. During highly transient events and motoring conditions, the air-to-fuel ratio derived exhaust flow rates were inaccurate due to analyzer response and zero fueling conditions, respectively. However, during steadier operation, the air-to-fuel ratio derived exhaust flow rate compared to the measured exhaust flow rate and the theoretical exhaust flow rate within 3.5% and 1.9%, respectively. Overall measurement uncertainty was most affected by the CO2 analyzer at high AFRs. The resulting fuel consumptions from AFR derived exhaust flow rate, theoretical exhaust flow rate, and MEMS exhaust flow rate compared to within 2% of each other. The ECU fuel consumption was 5–7% higher than the MEMS, AFR derived, and theoretical.

scholarly journals Analisa Pengaruh Penggunaan Sensor Oksigen Terhadap Kandungan Emisi Gas Buang CO Dan HC

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Dwi Sudarno Putra ◽  
Donny Fernandez ◽  
Gito Gito Giantoro
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Oxygen Sensors ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Harmful Content

The use of oxygen sensors on vehicles intended to reduce the harmful content from vehicle exhaust emissions. Research and journal was prepared to find how much reduction can be achieved. Research conducted by the experimental method. This type of machine used is K3-VE engine Avanza. Measurements are performed using the exhaust emission analyzer Fourgas at some level of engine speed.        From the research proven when using oxygen sensors decrease harmful content of exhaust emissions. The decline in the percentage of the CO content of 1.86% and the average number of HC ppm reduced the total 258.33ppm.

scholarly journals The Effect of Installing Modified Copper in Muffler to Reduce CO Levels in Vehicle Exhaust

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Arif Setyo Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Other Hand

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of modified copper to reduce carbon monoxide (CO) levels. Copper in the form of a plate shaped like a honeycomb and altered with activated carbon (SiO) and ZSM-5. The test uses a four-stroke 125 CC two-wheeled motor vehicle, fuel using Petalite, gasohol E5, gasohol E10, gasohol E15. The test carried out is the emission test of the effect of fuel variations and modified copper. The use of petalite fuel, variations of honeycomb copper + activated carbon (SiO-C) + ZSM-5 is more effective because it can reduce CO levels the most, which is 3.66% CO at 9000 rpm engine speed. For E5 fuel, the use of a honeycomb-shaped copper exhaust + Titan dioxide (TiO2) + Activated carbon (SiO-C) + ZSM-5 reduces CO levels by 3.42% CO at 9000 rpm engine speed. On the other hand, E10 fuel reduces CO levels by 1.35% CO when using exhaust with honeycomb copper+ TiO2 + SiO-C +ZSM-5.

Automation of Process Control in Chemical Plant

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Agus Sugiarta ◽  
Houtman P. Siregar ◽  
Dedy Loebis
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Pid Control ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Chemical Plant ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inherent Problem

Automation of process control in chemical plant is an inspiring application field of mechatronicengineering. In order to understand the complexity of the automation and its application requireknowledges of chemical engineering, mechatronic and other numerous interconnected studies.The background of this paper is an inherent problem of overheating due to lack of level controlsystem. The objective of this research is to control the dynamic process of desired level more tightlywhich is able to stabilize raw material supply into the chemical plant system.The chemical plant is operated within a wide range of feed compositions and flow rates whichmake the process control become difficult. This research uses modelling for efficiency reason andanalyzes the model by PID control algorithm along with its simulations by using Matlab.

Effect of Chemical Hythane Composition on Pressure in Combustion Chamber of Engine

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
A. P. Shaikin ◽  
I. R. Galiev
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Chamber Volume ◽  
Excess Air ◽  
Scientific Papers

The article analyzes the influence of chemical composition of hythane (a mixture of natural gas with hydrogen) on pressure in an engine combustion chamber. A review of the literature has showed the relevance of using hythane in transport energy industry, and also revealed a number of scientific papers devoted to studying the effect of hythane on environmental and traction-dynamic characteristics of the engine. We have studied a single-cylinder spark-ignited internal combustion engine. In the experiments, the varying factors are: engine speed (600 and 900 min-1), excess air ratio and hydrogen concentration in natural gas which are 29, 47 and 58% (volume).The article shows that at idling engine speed maximum pressure in combustion chamber depends on excess air ratio and proportion hydrogen in the air-fuel mixture – the poorer air-fuel mixture and greater addition of hydrogen is, the more intense pressure increases. The positive effect of hydrogen on pressure is explained by the fact that addition of hydrogen contributes to increase in heat of combustion fuel and rate propagation of the flame. As a result, during combustion, more heat is released, and the fuel itself burns in a smaller volume. Thus, the addition of hydrogen can ensure stable combustion of a lean air-fuel mixture without loss of engine power. Moreover, the article shows that, despite the change in engine speed, addition of hydrogen, excess air ratio, type of fuel (natural gas and gasoline), there is a power-law dependence of the maximum pressure in engine cylinder on combustion chamber volume. Processing and analysis of the results of the foreign and domestic researchers have showed that patterns we discovered are applicable to engines of different designs, operating at different speeds and using different hydrocarbon fuels. The results research presented allow us to reduce the time and material costs when creating new power plants using hythane and meeting modern requirements for power, economy and toxicity.

Observer-based output tracking of engine speed and torque reserve at idle with sliding mode control

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Alt ◽  
Jan Peter Blath ◽  
Klaus-Dieter Otto ◽  
Ferdinand Svaricek ◽  
Matthias Schultalbers
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Mode Control ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Output Tracking ◽  
Mode Control

Dispersion modelling of solid particles from vehicle exhaust into the atmosphere

Ekologija ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranas Baltrėnas ◽  
Petras Vaitiekūnas ◽  
Saulius Vasarevičius ◽  
Saad Jordaneh
Keyword(s):  
Solid Particles ◽  
Dispersion Modelling ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust

A generic fluticasone propionate and salmeterol dry powder inhaler: Evidence of usability, function, and robustness

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald P. Tashkin ◽  
Arkady Koltun ◽  
Róisín Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Fluticasone Propionate ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Dry Powder Inhaler ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Dry Powder ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Flow Rates

Background: A generic combination of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol xinafoate inhalation powder in a premetered, multidose, nonreusable inhaler was recently approved. Objective: To assess the performance of the generic device. Methods: Findings from three studies with regard to device usability, function, and robustness were reviewed. Results: In a study to assess device function in patients and healthy volunteers, the generic device was successfully used by patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who were either dry powder inhaler users or dry powder inhaler‐naive, even though they were not trained beyond being provided the instructions for use. In a study to measure inhaled flow rates generated by patients and healthy volunteers, the generic device consistently simulated the delivery of a full dose of drug, even to patients with severe respiratory disease and reduced inspiratory flow rates. Although the generic device had a slightly higher airflow resistance, this study demonstrated that this difference did not result in any clinically meaningful differences in terms of drug delivery. Pressure drop, a key parameter that drives the fluidization and aerosolization of the powder dose, was found to be comparable between the devices. In an open-label study, the generic device met all U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifications for device robustness after 21.5 days of twice-daily dosing via oral inhalation among 111 participants with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. All inhalers tested demonstrated conformity with a pharmacopeia with respect to key quality parameters (assay, delivered dose uniformity, aerodynamic size distribution). There was no evidence of chemical degradation of the active ingredients, nor of microbial or water ingress into the powder, as a result of inhaler use.

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