Perché la ricerca in psicoterapia non puň esaurire le peculiaritŕ della clinica. Per un'integrazione epistemologica

2009 ◽  
pp. 191-214
Author(s):  
Mauro Fornaro
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Therapeutic Relationship ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Psychotherapy Research ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Key Words Psychotherapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Integrate Research

- After having stated that the notion of validation is wider than the notion of empirical verification, the Author stresses that psychotherapy research, though epistemologically necessary, in principle and for factual reasons cannot work as a substitute of all the particularities of clinical experience. This detailed critical analysis is not aimed at condemning empirical research, but at sharpening research methods and techniques, especially considering the dimensions of subjectivity, in order to integrate research with clinical experience. Nevertheless, the programmatic choice of empirical research to use - for reasons of "scientific objectivity" - a point of view which is external to the therapeutic relationship proposes again the gap between an empirical-objective approach (the world how it is) and a phenomenologicalsubjective approach (the world how I feel it and experience it).KEY WORDS: psychotherapy research, epistemology, integration, phenomenological approach, clinical experience

Scientific literacy for all citizens: different concepts and contents

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Popli
Keyword(s):  
Adult Literacy ◽  
Scientific Literacy ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Literacy Methods ◽  
And Mathematics

In this article, three different descriptions of curricula for scientific literacy (SL) are summarized, compared, and critically reviewed from the point of view of their suitability for all citizens. Science for All Americans, a publication of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, envisages giving every citizen a thorough exposure to the world of science, technology, and mathematics; the report Towards Scientific Literacy, published by the International Institute for Adult Literacy Methods, recommends a phenomenological approach to science designed to make science useful for people in their daily lives; and a similar curriculum, Minimum Science for Everybody, published by a voluntary organization in India, provides a detailed alternative conceptual framework for SL in which community traditions and knowledge systems are interfaced with science. The three reports are seen to differ from one another not only in respect of the contents of the curricula recommended, but also in their approaches, and the world views underlying these different approaches are brought out. It is suggested that SL curricula in both “developed” and “developing” countries be reviewed in the light of the ideas contained in all three reports in accordance with the needs and circumstances of the people. The article argues for the need to review the nature of science from the perspective of the common citizen.

scholarly journals Methods and models in the quest for the historical Jesus: Historical criticism and/or social scientific criticism

2002 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andries Van Aarde
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Historical Jesus ◽  
Critical Research ◽  
Historical Criticism ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
High Level

In this article a distinction is made between social scientific criticism and historiography. Historiography describes what is unrepeatable, specific and particular. Social scientific criticism is to some extent a phenomenological approach. On a high level of abstraction, it focuses on ideal types. The historiographical quest for Jesus is about the plausibility of a continuity or a discontinuity existing between the Jesus of history and the Jesus of faith. This approach has been broadened by the interdisciplinary application of the results of archaeological, sociohistorical, and cultural anthropological studies of the world of the historical  Jesus. But it does not mean that historical-critical research as such is now dismissed. The aim of the article is to argue that social scientific criticism can complement a historical-critical analysis.

A Critical Analysis of Conditionalities in the Generalized System of Preferences

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 98-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
PALLAVI KISHORE
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Bank ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Generalized System Of Preferences ◽  
The World

AbstractThis article examines conditionalities in the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in light of the European Communities – Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries (EC – Tariff Preferences) case at the World Trade Organization (WTO). The article largely undertakes this examination from the point of view of developing countries. It mainly examines the issue of discrimination in conditionalities since this was the principal question raised in the EC – Tariff Preferences case and makes suggestions regarding the regulation of conditionalities. In doing so, the article follows two trajectories: first, it makes suggestions for the WTO panels and Appellate Body, and, second, it makes suggestions for GSP donors, by analyzing the new European GSP + Scheme and by drawing inspiration from conditionalities in the loans granted by the World Bank.

Pāvela Florenska simbolisma laikmetīgums

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-157
Author(s):  
Gunta Plūksna
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Important Place ◽  
World Outlook ◽  
The World ◽  
Global World

The introduction outlines the problem: the views about the world outlook of the humankind changed radically from the verge of 19/20th century to the verge of the 20/21st century; the old paradigms must be changed to the new ones, but the relevant concepts are just developing. It expresses itself also in so called anthropological turn, when a person changes uncontrollably, rapidly and dangerously taking over the most important place in the global world system. Symbol is as a link between a word and an action, and it is an instrument for understanding the world, and a person plays an important role in it. The first section discusses the world outlook of Russian religious philosopher P. Florensky from the point of view of symbolism. It is based on the fundamentals of his world outlook: antinomy, life, the Unified. The second section is devoted to creativity in his life, which in an organic way links P. Florensky’s understanding about the world-outlook and life. The conclusions stress the contemporary aspects in P. Florensky’s symbolism expressed as: 1) spirituality; 2) aesthetics; 3) consubstantiality; 4) the dialogue with the Unified; 5) creativity in life. The research methods: hermeneutic and semiotic analysis of P. Florensky’s texts, critical analysis of the scientific literature.

Kennis En Inferenties Bij Het Lezen Van Tekst

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wietske Vonk
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Text Representation ◽  
Central Question ◽  
The World ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
Made In ◽  
Reading Texts

When readers understand a text they construct a mental representation of the text. This text representation contains not only the information that is explicitly expressed in the text, but also information that is inferred by the readers during reading. A text representation can be described in terms of relations between the elements in the representation, but also in terms of relations of the representation with (a model of) the world. For example, readers can determine whether a particular sentence is logically consistent with the text, as well as whether it is true or false, whether it is plausible or possible, or whether it is completely new for her or him. The distinction between relations within the structure of the text representation and relations that refer to the world has hardly ever been made in empirical research on inferences. In general inferences have been investigated from the point of view of their contribution to the coherence of the representation. The consequence is that the question whether inferences are made during reading has generally been answered in terms of the internal coherence of the representation: Inferences that contribute to the coherence of the representation are made during reading, other inferences are not. The central question in the present research is to what extent inference processes are determined by the relations of the inferences with a model of the world and, accordingly, to what extent inference processes are determined by the reader's knowledge of the world. Experiments are discussed on inferences that contribute to the coherence of the representation and, accordingly, are supposed to be made during reading. In this research the knowledge of the reader with respect to the topic of the text was varied by having expert economists and non-experts reading texts on economics. The results indicate that the prevalent conclusion with respect to inferences is an overgeneralisation. It was demonstrated that inference processes are controlled by the reader's knowledge.

scholarly journals Koncepcje „natury rzeczy” w zachodnioniemieckiej filozofii prawa

Etyka ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 133-155
Author(s):  
Tomasz Gizbert-Studnicki
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
The Real ◽  
The World ◽  
Objective Sense ◽  
A Minor

The article contains a critical analysis of two conceptions of “the nature of things”, as found in publications of West German philosophers of law: G. Radbruch and W. Maihoffer. In the first stage of the evolution of his thought Radbruch spoke of the “influence of the matter on the legal idea”. The function of “the nature of things” is identified by Radbruch with resistance by social reality to the implantation of the legal idea. In the next stage of his views Radbruch conceives of the nature of things as an objective sense of a certain social relationship, perceived from the point of view of a certain value. Now the nature of things serves as a bridge between the real world and the world of values. The nature of things has a minor role according to Radbruch, in legal thought. He emphatically opposes recognizing it as a source of law.

scholarly journals PETER VAN INWAGEN’S FIVE THESES OF BEING AND HIS CONTROVERSY WITH THE EXISTENTIALPHENOMENOLOGICAL TRADITION

2019 ◽  
pp. 180-193
Author(s):  
Maxim A. Gusev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Phenomenological Tradition ◽  
Analytic Tradition ◽  
Ontological Question ◽  
The World ◽  
Inner World ◽  
As If

The article considers P. van Inwagen’s theses about being, including the thesis «being is not an activity». In formulating that Inwagen argues with the existential-phenomenological tradition. The article aims to investigate the causes of the misunderstanding between Inwagen and the existential-phenomenological tradition. It is shown that Inwagen treats this tradition as if it were an «objectivist» approach, just like the analytic tradition but presenting another answer to Inwagen’s meta-ontological question. Ignoring the radical difference between the existential-phenomenological approach and the analytical, «objectivistic» approach leads Inwagen to misunderstanding of Heidegger’s statements about being. From the «objectivist» analytical standpoint, the question of existence has nothing to do with the course of our experience, with fact something has been given to us, or with giving meaning to something, etc. That is why Inwagen wonders how existence can be associated with an «activity» at all. For the same reason, Inwagen does not understand why the existential-phenomenological tradition’s adherents talk about some differences in such «activities». From Inwagen’s point of view, all the differences lie in the «nature» of things, not in being. From the «objectivist» point of view, it seems exactly like that, because it is impossible to understand «from the outside», for example, the convergence of awareness and being-in-the-world. Within Inwagen’s objectivist position, Heidegger’s philosophy can only be comprehended as anthropology or psychology, which are studies limited to the topic of human beings or their inner world. The article concludes that although one can deny the phenomenological approach in general, but it is possible to show from the inside of that approach that what Heidegger says in his philosophy is, firstly, meaningful and, secondly, relates to ontology and not to anthropology or psychology.

scholarly journals Streger på Nattehimlen: Om subjektivitet og fiktion i antropologisk analyse

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Line Dalsgård
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Female Sterilization ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Literary Writing

Artiklen bygger på en undersøgelse af kvindelig sterilisation i Nordøstbrasilien, udført i årene 1997-2000. Studiet er publiceret i bogen Matters of Life and Longing (2004). I en refleksion over dette arbejde argumenterer jeg for, at skønlitterær tekst – inklusive forestillingerne om den Andens aldrig helt tilgængelige subjektivitet – kan udgøre et fænomenologisk studie i sig selv og indgå som eksperiment i den antropologiske analyse. Forsøget på at skrive den Andens subjektive verden frem lægger de formodede forbindelser blot, som binder antropologens observationer og fornemmelser af hende sammen. Uden en sådan blotlæggelse vil antropologen naivt kunne fortsætte sit arbejde, som havde intet spring udi gætværk fundet sted. Dette er imidlertid ikke muligt, når gætværket gøres så tydeligt, som det gøres i beskrivelsen af den Andens tanker og følelser. Skønt denne artikel fokuserer specifikt på den antropologiske brug af fænomenologisk analyse, mener jeg, at en naiv indstilling til den Anden er en potentiel risiko i enhver antropologisk analyse, som tager „det indfødte synspunkt“ som sit udgangspunkt. Samtidig må man spørge, hvad alternativet til dette udgangspunkt er. Risikerer vi ikke at forblive selvcentrerede og irrelevante, hvis vi ikke strækker os ud mod det fremmede? Min konklusion i denne artikel er i hvert fald (skønt anderledes udtrykt): Hellere springe ud i gætværket med åbne øjne end at forblive ligeglad med verden. Søgeord: Subjektivitet, skønlitterær tekst, moderskab, motivation, fænomenologi, metode. This article draws on a study of female sterilization in Northeast Brazil, carried out between 1997-2000 and published in 2004. Reflecting upon her previous work the author argues that literary writing, including assumptions on the never fully comprehensible subjectivity of the Other, may be a phenomenological study in itself and a helpful method in anthropology. Writing forth the subjectivity of one’s interlocutor lays bare the associations, which tie together the anthropologist’s observations and sensations of the Other’s – presumed – inner world. Without such an exposure the anthropologist may naively continue her work, as if no leap into guesswork had taken place. Despite focusing particularly on the anthropological use of the phenomenological approach, the author finds this potential naivety in any anthropological analysis that takes the “native’s point of view” into consideration. On the other hand, the risk of being self-centered and irrelevant may be the only alternative. Hence, the conclusion of this article, though differently expressed, is: Better leap with open eyes than stay indifferent to the world. Keywords: subjectivity, literary writing, motherhood, motivation, phenomenology, method 

scholarly journals Telaah Epistemologis Harmonisasi Sufisme dan Surealisme dalam Perspektif Adonis

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-281
Author(s):  
Asmara Edo Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Religious Institution ◽  
Religious School ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
The World ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Epistemological Point

This article explores the idea of mysticism promulgated by Adonis. To him, his works are an attempt to arrive at the disclosure of the visible and the hidden (al-kashf ‘an al-mar’ wa al-lā mar’ī). He acknowledges that the effort is based on the concept of ẓāhir and bāṭin within Sufism. The element of mysticism in Adonis’s idea has been manifested through the harmonization of Sufism-Surrealism. He uses other perspectives in defining Sufism and Surrealism; a perspective that enables the harmonization of both. To investigate the harmonization, the author employs epistemological point of view coupled with phenomenological approach as the methods of analysis of Adonis’s texts. The study reveals another type of Sufism and Surrealism, which emanates from the world of Adonis. Adonis has understood Sufism and Surrealism as two separate realms but they share one similar purpose, namely being identical with the Absolute or united with Him. Most radically, he views Sufism as a non-religious school, instead a universal philosophy of life to understanding the Universe. On the other hand, Adonis sees Surrealism as another form of mysticism, i.e. mysticism with no religious institution;  

scholarly journals A STATE OF ART AND PROSPECTS OF HANDLING USED PET BOTTLES

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-61
Author(s):  
I.O. Mikulionok
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Recycled Pet ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The World ◽  
Plasma Decomposition ◽  
State Of Art

The main data on the production volume of bottles from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the world are presented. The main ways of handling used PET bottles as one of the hazardous types of waste for the environment, but promising from the point of view of using their properties, are analyzed. The main methods of handling used PET bottles are considered and a critical analysis of each of them is given. Particular attention is paid to the methods of recycling PET bottles, which made it possible to efficiently use recycled PET raw materials directly for their intended purpose. The features of physical, chemical, biological and combined processing methods are also considered, in particular, combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, plasma decomposition of PET bottles, as well as their decomposition under the influence of microorganisms. The main ways of solving the problem of used PET bottles are proposed.  Bibl. 84, Fig. 1.

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