Studying variation in case marking

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 97-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirill Kozhanov
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Direct Objects ◽  
Areal Variation

This paper examines the phenomenon of the genitive of negation (GenNeg) in the Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuanian. It is shown that there is areal variation in case marking of an object of a negated verb. West Aukštaitian dialetcs (the Kaunas region) allow innovative accusative marking of an object of a negated verb much more often (although not as often as is claimed in the dialect descriptions) than South and East (the Vilnius region) Aukštaitian dialects where the genitive marking is very consistent. Even though South Aukštaitian has more examples of accusative marking than East Aukštaitian, the percentage is still very small. Different types of negated contexts (local vs distant) are not so relevant for the choice of case marking in South-East Aukštaitian, but play a moderately significant role in West Aukštaitian: the accusative marking is more common in distant negated contexts. In East Aukštaitian, direct objects of infinitives embedded under negated verbs can also be marked by the nominative, i.e. verbal negation does not affect the case marking of the so called nominative objects.  

scholarly journals “Which mouse kissed the frog?” Effects of age of onset, length of exposure, and knowledge of case marking on the comprehension of wh-questions in German-speaking simultaneous and early sequential bilingual children

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE DOROTHEE ROESCH ◽  
VASILIKI CHONDROGIANNI
Keyword(s):  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
German Speaking

AbstractStudies examining age of onset (AoO) effects in childhood bilingualism have provided mixed results as to whether early sequential bilingual children (eL2) differ from simultaneous bilingual children (2L1) and L2 children on the acquisition of morphosyntax. Differences between the three groups have been attributed to other factors such as length of exposure (LoE), language abilities, and the phenomenon to be acquired. The present study investigates whether four- to five-year-old German-speaking eL2 children differ from 2L1 children on the acquisition of wh-questions, and whether these differences can be explained by AoO, LoE, and/or knowledge of case marking. The 2L1 children outperformed the eL2 children in terms of accuracy; however, both bilingual groups exhibited similar error patterns. This suggests that 2L1 and eL2 bilingual children are sensitive to the same morphosyntactic cues, when comprehending wh-questions. Finally, children's performance on the different types of wh-questions was explained by a combination of knowledge of case marking, LoE, and AoO.

Motivating an English-German contrast in word-formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Haas
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Relevant Word

Abstract German has a set of nouns which are derived from a combination of a preposition and the reciprocal pronoun einander ‘one another’. Compounds of this type are strikingly absent from English, although all the components that enter the German formations are available in English, as well. This paper takes a closer look at the relevant word-formation patterns, focusing on compounding and different types of conversion, also taking into account the diachrony of reciprocal pronouns (einander in German and each other/one another in English) and the role of morphological schemas. It will be argued that for explaining the lack of English nouns corresponding to the German nouns under discussion contrasts in the history and the grammar of reciprocals are less relevant than (i) the availability of well-entrenched word-formation patterns, and (ii) the more significant role of ‘syntactic conversion’ in German.

Taxation of Personal Use of Corporate Aircraft: Should Income Equal the Deduction?

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen C. Miller ◽  
J. Riley Shaw ◽  
Tonya K. Flesher
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Fringe Benefit ◽  
Business Growth ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Personal Use

Business growth and ease of mobility have played a significant role in the increasing use of corporate aircraft through the 21st century. Along with the increased use of corporate aircraft, personal use of corporate aircraft has also been on the rise. With this increased use, the tax treatment of the personal use of corporate aircraft has become much more visible and controversial. This paper tracks the changes in the law and focuses on the tax policy issues related to the equity in the reporting of income by the employee and the deduction claimed by the corporation. Specifically, this paper addresses the three-fold problem related to the current inequities of the current and proposed laws: What amount should be included as compensation by the employee as a fringe benefit for the personal use of company-owned aircraft? How much should the employer deduct for the operating cost of the aircraft for personal use? Should these amounts, compensation and deduction, be equal? The paper also addresses the horizontal inequities imposed by the current laws upon shareholders, different types of employees, corporations, and private citizens.

European Jihadi Cells and the motivations behind them

2021 ◽  
pp. 333-354
Author(s):  
Farhad Khosrokhavar
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
High School Sports ◽  
School Sports ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Military ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
The Web

Chapter 7 describes the different types of jihadi cells, highlighting their differences as well as some similarities between them. Each cell has a life of its own, and the essence of each is determined by group dynamics, the origins of its leaders, the interactions between its members, and their cultural and economic homogeneity or heterogeneity. Each of these factors plays a significant role in the radicalization and in the effectiveness of the group to implement its goals. In general, cells are loosely structured, and it is very rare to find “egalitarian cells” or “leaderless” groups of friends or buddies, contrary to the claims of some researchers. Sometimes, they have more than one leader, a division of tasks occurring between them (for instance, the ideological and the military). Jihadi actors choose to belong to a group for many reasons: friendship, spatial proximity (they live in the same neighborhood), attendance at the same university, high school, sports association, or mosque, and so on These facets have been frequently studied, some researchers focusing on the horizontal relationships (a group of friends without formal hierarchy) or vertical ones (the presence of a leader and his lieutenants), their actual link with a larger network (al-Qaeda, IS) or imaginary (laying claim or making allegiance without any effective ties), the degree of their dependence on the web, or the greater or lesser scope of the group (from a solo jihadi to large groups of more than ten or fifteen people).

A corpus study of kasama ‘companion’ in Tagalog

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-298
Author(s):  
Sergei Klimenko
Keyword(s):  
Main Clause ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Semantic Distinction

Abstract This paper presents a corpus-based study of a number of different types of previously undescribed constructions formed with the Tagalog noun kasama ‘companion’. Apart from independent and attributive uses, kasama frequently occurs as the predicate of an adjunct clause that can introduce a comitative participant, a semantically depictive secondary predicate, an event-oriented adjunct, or a predicative complement. The study analyses the frequency of kasama in all of these types of constructions and looks into their specific properties. This includes: the semantic distinction between additive and inclusory constructions with kasama; animacy agreement between arguments of kasama in additive constructions; variation in case marking of arguments of kasama; the preponderance of the absence of linkers – commonly known to introduce adverbial clauses in Tagalog – which are used to attach the kasama clause to the main clause; attested controllers of the kasama clause; positions available for the kasama clause in the sentence. Variation in case marking and compatibility with linkers suggests a classification of Tagalog adjunct clauses similar to that of Tagalog adverbials and prepositions. There is also some evidence to believe that kasama is being grammaticalized as a preposition. Comitative and semantically depictive constructions with kasama, which account for a quarter of the corpus sample, have never been studied before, despite the fact that Tagalog is included in several typological studies on comitative and depictive constructions.

Dealing with variability in loanword integration

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Poplack
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
English Language ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Direct Objects ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pair Word ◽  
Language Pair

This chapter tests a strong loanword integration hypothesis: that donor-language material that has been borrowed will display variability in morphosyntactic integration paralleling that of the recipient language. This requires explicitly marshalling the recipient language as the benchmark for comparison, an innovation implemented here for the first time. Illustrating with the typologically different Tamil-English language pair, word order and case-marking of English-origin objects of Tamil verbs are analyzed. English indirect objects are overwhelmingly inflected with Tamil dative markers, but direct objects tend not to be marked for the accusative. Comparison reveals that this patterning reflects the case-marking variability inherent in the recipient-language benchmark, compelling us to recognize even these apparently bare forms as borrowed, and supporting the Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis. This demonstrates that the facts of variability must be taken into account to identify which forms have been borrowed and which have been code-switched.

scholarly journals The Role of Forensic Accounting Techniques in Reducing Cloud Based Accounting Risks in the Jordanian Five Stars Hotels

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 434-443
Author(s):  
Firas Hashem
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Computer Crime ◽  
Forensic Accounting ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Computer Crimes

The current study investigated the role of forensic accounting techniques in reducing Cloud Based Accounting risks in the Jordanian five stars hotels. The study population consisted of all accountants in Jordanian five stars hotels. Five stars hotels accountants located in Amman the capital were selected subjects. The total is (170) accountants. A random sample amounting 118 accountants were selected. 118 questionnaires were distributed and 96ones were collected. The study concluded that: There is a significant role of Forensic Accounting Techniques ((FPDDS), (FAIIS), (LMAS), (CARDR)) in reducing Cloud Based Accounting risks in the Jordanian five stars hotels. Despite the fact that nature of computer crime is increasing daily, so there is a need for different types of efforts, to be made on all levels of cloud investigations. And in the same time all legislations and codification related to computer crimes must be updated and reviewed from time to time to keep up with emerging technology.

Ergativity and Differential Case Marking

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrej L. Malchukov
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Differential Object Marking ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
General Constraints ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Object Marking ◽  
The One

The present chapter discusses patterns of differential case marking in ergative languages, focusing on differential subject marking, which is more prominent in ergative languages (in contrast to accusative languages, where differential object marking is more prominent). It is argued that patterns of (differential) case marking can be accounted two general constraints related to (role)-indexing, on the one hand, and distinguishability (or markedness) on the other hand. This approach correctly predicts asymmetries between differential object marking (DOM) and differential subject marking (DSM) with regard to animacy, definiteness, as well as discourse features. I also show how this approach can be extended to capture a relation between case and voice alternation, as well as briefly outline diachronic scenarios leading to different types of differential case marking in ergative and split intransitive languages.

The Relationship Between Reductionism and Prediction in Psychiatry: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eren Asena ◽  
Henk Cremers
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Biological Psychiatry ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Machine Learning Models

Introduction. Biological psychiatry has yet to find clinically useful biomarkers despite mucheffort. Is this because the field needs better methods and more data, or are current conceptualizations of mental disorders too reductionistic? Although this is an important question, there seems to be no consensus on what it means to be a “reductionist”. Aims. This paper aims to; a) to clarify the views of researchers on different types of reductionism; b) to examine the relationship between these views and the degree to which researchers believe mental disorders can be predicted from biomarkers; c) to compare these predictability estimates with the performance of machine learning models that have used biomarkers to distinguish cases from controls. Methods. We created a survey on reductionism and the predictability of mental disorders from biomarkers, and shared it with researchers in biological psychiatry. Furthermore, a literature review was conducted on the performance of machine learning models in predicting mental disorders from biomarkers. Results. The survey results showed that 9% of the sample were dualists and 57% were explanatory reductionists. There was no relationship between reductionism and perceived predictability. The estimated predictability of 11 mental disorders using currently available methods ranged between 65-80%, which was comparable to the results from the literature review. However, the participants were highly optimistic about the ability of future methods in distinguishing cases from controls. Moreover, although behavioral data were rated as the most effective data type in predicting mental disorders, the participants expected biomarkers to play a significant role in not just predicting, but also defining mental disorders in the future.

Informal Reactions and Delinquency

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
LENING ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
Labeling Theory ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Youth Survey ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Testable Model ◽  
National Youth Survey

Pursuing the recent resurgence of research interest in labeling theory, this study addressed an important but relatively neglected issue—the informal labeling process and delinquency—with data collected in the National Youth Survey. A testable model was developed by clarifying and specifying some conceptual issues regarding the informal labeling process. Consistent with labeling theory, the results of the data analysis based on this model indicated the significant role of informal reactions in accounting for youths' subsequent life and behavioral adjustments. However, in some important dimensions, the role was not uniform across different types of significant others and across gender. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document