scholarly journals The numeral system(s) in Western Serengeti: Formal, functional, and historical inferences

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-70
Author(s):  
Rasmus BERNANDER ◽  
Antti LAINE ◽  
Lotta AUNIO
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Data ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Numeral Systems ◽  
Extensive Quantity

In this study we offer a detailed synchronic and diachronic account of the hitherto un(der) documented numeral systems of the four closely related (Eastern) Bantu language varieties: Ikoma, Nata, Ishenyi, and Ngoreme – together forming the Western Serengeti subgroup. We describe the essentially identical formation and organization of numerals in these language varieties while also noting the morphosyntactic behaviour of numeral expressions and their extended uses. Based on an extensive quantity of comparative data, we furthermore disentangle the historical background to the numerals and their systematization in Western Serengeti, connecting this specific linguistic domain with the wider genealogical profile of this subgroup.

Numerical Methods I

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Obsieger
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Fourth Degree ◽  
Numerical Errors ◽  
The Third ◽  
Numeral Systems ◽  
The Given

Textbook, established at several universities. Second edition. *** Written primarily for students at technical studies. Valuable handbook for engineers, PhD students and scientists. *** Published in several variants. *** Seven chapters. In the first chapter, a historical background and basic properties of various numeral systems, as well as conversion of numbers from one system to another are briefly explained. In the second chapter, numbers in digital computers, namely integers and floating point numbers are described. This helps the reader to choose precision and range limits of stored numbers. The third chapter explains constant variables and related numerical errors, including error propagation and algorithm instability. The fourth and fifth chapters explain random variables and related random errors, uncertainty, confidence level, as well as propagation of random errors. Various types of regression analyses of experimental data are described in the sixth chapter. Direct methods for finding roots of the third and fourth degree polynomials are described in the seventh chapter, followed by general iterative methods for polynomials of any degree. *** Why the presented topics are so important? Simply, they are common to all numerical methods. *** Practical application is supported by 84 examples and 17 algorithms. For reasons of simplicity, algorithms are written in pseudo-code, so they can easily be implemented in any computer program. Finally, the given text with 98 figures and 52 tables represents a valuable background for understanding, applying and developing various numerical analyses.

scholarly journals On the “Atypical” Imperative Verb Form in Manda

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-42
Author(s):  
Rasmus Bernander
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Data ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Unusual Situation

This paper accounts for the atypical Imperative verb form found in Manda, a Bantu language spoken along the shores of Lake Nyasa in southern Tanzania. Unlike the vast majority of Bantu languages, Manda lacks a reflex of the so called “morphologically specialized” imperative. Instead, Imperatives (as well as other directives) are expressed with the suffixation of a marker of the form -ayi. Based on the form-meaning variation found both language-internally and in comparative data, this study reconstructs the functional and formal pathways of change leading to the highly unusual situation encountered in today’s Manda. The study shows that the Manda Imperative originates from a construction consisting of a reflex of the pre-final morpheme *-a(n)g-, an imperfective marker originally recruited into the directive domain to add pragmatic overtones of emphasis. However, at some point in time the meaning of this erstwhile emphatic construction became neutralized and conventionalized as the regular imperative, while the marker itself became decategorialized and morphophonologically opaque.

scholarly journals Bunia Swahili and Emblematic Language Use

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-855
Author(s):  
Nico Nassenstein ◽  
Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Language Use ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Language Variety ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
The City

The present paper provides first insights into emblematic language use in Bunia Swahili, a variety of the Bantu language Swahili as spoken in and around the city of Bunia inIturi Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Structural variability in Bunia Swahili shows that this language variety consists of basilectal, mesolectal and acrolectal registers, which are used by speakers to express different social identities. Whereas the basilectal variety shows structural similarities with Central Sudanic languages, the mesolectal and acrolectal registers are closer to East Coast Swahili. We argue that these lectal forms are to be understood as fluid repertoires which are used by speakers as a form of adaption to different conversational settings and as indexical representations of their (ethnic) identity. We go on to describe the historical background to these diverging ways of speaking Bunia Swahili, which are due mainly to the long-lasting conflict between different groups in the area.

My Vocational Situation: Normative, Psychometric, and Comparative Data

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 162-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen B. Lucas ◽  
Norman C. Gysbers ◽  
Keith L. Buescher ◽  
P. Paul Heppner
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Data ◽  
Vocational Situation

Counseling psychology and clinical psychology: Some preliminary comparative data.

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Edward Watkins ◽  
Frederick G. Lopez ◽  
Vicki L. Campbell ◽  
Catherine D. Himmell
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Counseling Psychology ◽  
Comparative Data

Aplikasi Maslahah Ke Atas Pensyaratan Pelaksanaan Haji Atau Umrah Melalui Agensi Pengelola

Sains Insani ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Mustafa Mat Jubri Shamsuddin
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Right ◽  
Responsible Party

Ibadah Haji adalah rukun Islam kelima, manakala ibadah Umrah adalah salah satu ibadah yang sangat dituntut dalam Islam. Kedua-dua ibadah ini adalah hak Allah ke atas setiap muslim yang berkemampuan, dan dari sudut yang lain ia juga merupakan hak semua muslim untuk melakukannya. Memandangkan pelaksanaan kedua-dua ibadah ini melibatkan aspek-aspek yang pelbagai seperti keselamatan dan kesihatan, maka pihak yang bertanggungjawab dalam menguruskannya telah meletakkan beberapa syarat tambahan, di samping syarat-syarat yang telah diletakkan oleh Syarak. Antara syarat-syarat tambahan ini ialah, larangan mengerjakan haji atau umrah tanpa melalui agensi pengelola yang sah. Kajian ini bertujuan menilai syarat larangan ini dari sudut syarak, dengan menekankan aspek kemaslahatan dan kemudaratan. Kajian ini mengandungi tiga perbahasan utama, dengan perbahasan pertamanya menjurus kepada pengenalan tajuk kajian dan pengertian beberapa istilah yang digunakan. Perbahasan kedua pula menyoroti latar belakang hukum larangan ini, manakala perbahasan ketiga membincangkan penilaian hukum larangan tersebut menurut konsep Maslahah. Kajian ini akan menggunakan metod kualitatif dengan menjadikan kaedah-kaedah syarak secara umumnya dan konsep Maslahah secara khususnya sebagai sandaran dalam menilai sejauh mana larangan mengerjakan Haji dan Umrah tanpa melalui agensi pengelola menepati Syarak. Abstract: Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam, while Umrah is considered among the highly encouraged deeds in Islam. Both worships are considered as the right of Allah upon every Muslim who are able to perform them while every Muslim has the right to go to Hajj and Umrah. Considering that, the practice of these worships involves various aspects such as security and health, the responsible party has imposed additional conditions to those who are willing to perform Hajj or Umrah including to use an operating agencies, which are recognized by the Saudi government. This study aimed to evaluate condition of restriction in the view of Shariah, by emphasizing the comparison between Maslahah (interest) and Mafsadah (harm). This study consists of three main discussions, which focuses on defining the terminologies, highlights the historical background of this restriction, and discusses the Islamic ruling of this restriction based on the concept of Maslahah. This study relies on the qualitative method by utilizing the concept of Maslahah in evaluating this restriction.

Reconstruction Of Urban Parks Of Culture And Rest Of The Soviet Period

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-65
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Senior Citizens ◽  
Urban Parks ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Functional Areas ◽  
The City

This article analyzes the main problems of urban public spaces, because today public spaces can determine the future of cities. It is noted that parks are multifunctional public spaces in the urban environment, as they are an important element of the citywide system of landscaping and recreation, perform health, cultural, educational, aesthetic and environmental functions. The article notes that the need for easily accessible and well-maintained urban parks remains, however, the state of parks in many cities of Russia remains unsatisfactory, requiring reconstruction. A brief historical background of the Park of Culture and Rest of the Soviet period in Omsk is expounded, the analysis of the existing territory of the Park is presented. It is revealed that the Park, being the largest public space in Omsk, does not meet the requirements of modern urbanism, although it represents a great potential for designing the space for the purpose of recreation of citizens. Performed functional zoning scheme of the territory of the Park in question, where its division into functional areas destined for active recreational users of the Park is presented, considered the interests of senior citizens, people with limited mobility, etc. Reconstruction of Parks of the Soviet period can provide the city with additional recreational opportunities, as well as increase its tourist attractiveness.

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