scholarly journals The intentions to replace Ngo Dinh Diem of us officials from ambassador lawton collins to ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge (1955 - 1963)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Phan Văn Cả
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Risk Of Failure ◽  
South Vietnam ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Economic Aid ◽  
Ngo Dinh Diem

After the Geneva Agreement of 1954, the US officials supported Ngo Dinh Diem come to power in South Vietnam in the hope that he would obey, but later realized that they could not control him. While Americans were worried about Diem, he himself was worried about the US. The US viewed economic aid and their increased military presence as a prerequisite, if not a guarantee for a must-have reform to win the war in Vietnam. Diem accepted all the support in terms of military and economy but he still acted on his will, not being subject to the US advice. Despite all warnings, Diem continued dealing with, in an unwise manner, movements against the Ngo government. This approach made the US war target in Vietnam at risk of failure. Diem's government gradually eliminated all political oppositions and created a power vacuum in South Vietnam that gave Americans no other choice but the existing government. Therefore, Americans were forced to “swim” or to “sink” with Diem even though this regime became increasingly unpopular. US officials had almost never found a perfect solution for South Vietnam. The intentions to replace Diem appeared once he came to power (1955) until it became a reality (1963).  

Essence of Indecision

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey H. Michaels
Keyword(s):  
Kennedy Administration ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
South Vietnam ◽  
The Us ◽  
Ngo Dinh Diem

Informed and inspired by Freedman’s examination of the Kennedy administration in Kennedy’s Wars and his introduction of the ‘strategic scripts’ concept, this chapter analyzes Washington’s role in the 1963 military coup that deposed Ngo Dinh Diem as President of South Vietnam and saw him and his brother murdered the following day. The US role was, at best, indirect because of Kennedy’s indecision, but although Kennedy did not choose to overthrow Diem, his ambivalence produced the same outcome. While Washington had discussed the possibility of a coup, there was no thought that Diem would be killed. There was an assumption and contingency planning to fly Diem into exile, if the coup happened. There was no script for the situation that actually emerged. This gave rise to a script, which US policy makers have used ever since to deter discussion about overthrowing friendly governments whose leadership is viewed as problematic.

Looking for and replicating model programs for ‘at risk’ children and families

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Frank Ainsworth
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Family Preservation ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
At Risk Children ◽  
Systematic Effort ◽  
The Us ◽  
Program Innovation ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Model Programs

At the present time there is a need for a new generation of programs to address the needs of ‘at risk’ children and families. This is an issue that is exercising the minds of service planners in both government and non-government community service organisations. This need arises from the fact that many existing programs have yet to be rigorously evaluated and are of questionable effectiveness. This lack of evidence of effectiveness does not sit well in the current climate of accountability. It also runs contrary to the increasingly strident calls for evidence based practice.Many new programs arrive in Australia from the US as this country is often the source of program innovation as illustrated by the importation in the 1980s and 1990s of family preservation and family reunification programs. In the US, promotion of ‘model programs' has taken another step and a systematic effort at program replication is now in evidence. The question is, how might model programs from overseas be successfully replicated in Australia? And what is required, if anything, to replicate these models effectively taking account of our different cultural traditions?

scholarly journals Modeled replacement of traditional soybean and canola oil with high-oleic varieties increases monounsaturated fatty acid and reduces both saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in the US adult population

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan K Raatz ◽  
Zach Conrad ◽  
Lisa Jahns ◽  
Martha A Belury ◽  
Matthew J Picklo
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Fatty Acid Intake ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
The Us ◽  
Age And Sex

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND High-oleic (HO) seed oils are being introduced as replacements for trans fatty acid (TFA)–containing fats and oils. Negative health effects associated with TFAs led to their removal from the US Generally Recognized As Safe list. HO oils formulated for use in food production may result in changes in fatty acid intake at population levels. Objectives The purposes of this study were to 1) identify major food sources of soybean oil (SO) and canola oil (CO), 2) estimate effects of replacing SO and CO with HO varieties on fatty acid intake overall and by age and sex strata, and 3) compare predicted intakes with the Dietary Reference Intakes and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for the essential fatty acids (EFAs) α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA). Design Food and nutrient intakes from NHANES waves 2007–2008, 2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014 in 21,029 individuals aged ≥20 y were used to model dietary changes. We estimated the intake of fatty acid with the replacement of HO-SO and HO-CO for commodity SO and CO at 10%, 25%, and 50% and evaluated the potential for meeting the AI at these levels. RESULTS Each modeling scenario decreased saturated fatty acids (SFAs), although intakes remained greater than recommended for all age and sex groups. Models of all levels increased the intake of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), especially oleic acid, and decreased the intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly LA and ALA. Replacement of traditional with HO oils at 25–50% places specific adult age and sex groups at risk of not meeting the AI for LA and ALA. Conclusions The replacement of traditional oils with HO varieties will increase MUFA intake and reduce both SFA and PUFA intakes, including EFAs, and may place specific age and sex groups at risk of inadequate LA and ALA intake.

scholarly journals Incidence of Ankle Sprains Among Active-Duty Members of the United States Armed Services From 1998 Through 2006

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L. Cameron ◽  
Brett D. Owens ◽  
Thomas M. DeBerardino
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Active Duty ◽  
Service Members ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
The Us ◽  
Armed Services

Abstract Context: Ankle sprains have been reported as one of the most common injuries sustained by members of the US Armed Services. However, little is known about the incidence rate and injury patterns associated with ankle sprains in this population. Objective: To examine the incidence of ankle sprains among active-duty members of the US Armed Services from 1998 through 2006. A secondary objective was to describe the sex, age, and service-specific injury patterns in this young, physically active population. Design: Cohort study. Patients or Other Participants: All active-duty service members from the day they enter military service until the day they leave military service and US Army Reserve and National Guard service members during periods of active duty and mobilization. Main Outcome Measure(s): Injury data were extracted from the Defense Medical Epidemiological Database from 1998 through 2006. All data for ankle sprains, coded according to the International Classification of Diseases (9th revision), were included. Cases were limited to those injuries reported as first occurrences. Incidence rates (IRs) were calculated per 1000 person-years by sex, age, and service. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to assess the strength of association between the incidence of ankle sprain and the independent variables of sex, age, and service. Results: From 1998 through 2006, 423 581 service members sustained ankle sprains and 12 118 863 person-years at risk to injury were documented in this population. The incidence rate was 34.95 (95% CI  =  34.85, 35.06) per 1000 person-years at risk. Females were 21% more likely (IRR  =  1.21, 95% CI  =  1.21, 1.23) to sustain an ankle sprain than males. Sex-specific IR varied by age and service. Differences in the rate of ankle sprains were also noted by age and service. Conclusions: The incidence of ankle sprains among US service members was 5 times greater than that previously reported in civilian population studies. Sex, age, and branch of military service are important factors related to the incidence of ankle sprains in this population.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Elecsys Syphilis Immunoassay for Detection of Syphilis in Populations at Risk of Disease in the US and Argentina

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H Christenson ◽  
Marvin Lessig ◽  
Gabrielle Miles ◽  
Silke Luebcke ◽  
Cheryl Stillions ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
The Us ◽  
Testing Algorithm

Abstract Background The Elecsys® syphilis immunoassay is an automated, qualitative immunoassay that uses a double-antigen sandwich format to detect antibodies to Treponema pallidum in human serum and plasma. We aimed to validate performance of the immunoassay in various populations at risk for syphilis infection in the US and Argentina. Methods Samples were obtained for a number of study cohorts, including participants from routine syphilis testing at high or low risk for syphilis, HIV-positive patients, pregnant women, and patients in various stages of syphilis infection. The primary objective was to validate the Elecsys syphilis immunoassay by comparing it with a composite testing algorithm using US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved tests, including the predicate IMMULITE 2000 syphilis screening assay, the rapid plasma reagin, and the T. pallidum particle agglutination assay. Results Complete algorithm testing was performed on all 2660 collected samples. Acceptable precision was demonstrated in all samples. Comparison of the Elecsys syphilis immunoassay with the final syphilis status for all samples yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 99.5% (95% CI, 98.21–99.94) and a diagnostic specificity of 99.2% (95% CI, 98.69–99.49). Overall, the lower limit of the 95% CIs for sensitivity and specificity met the expected performance of ≥95%. Conclusion This is the first study that confirms the high sensitivity and specificity of the Elecsys syphilis immunoassay in US and Argentinian cohorts and highlights the assay's usefulness as an alternative to current tests for the diagnosis of syphilis infection in a broad range of participant cohorts.

scholarly journals On the factors of Bitcoin’s value at risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Ho Kwon
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Value At Risk ◽  
Trading Volume ◽  
Corporate Bond ◽  
Policy Uncertainty ◽  
Chinese Stock Market ◽  
Stock Market Index ◽  
Market Index ◽  
The Us ◽  
Search Index

AbstractThis study investigates the factors of Bitcoin’s tail risk, quantified by Value at Risk (VaR). Extending the conditional autoregressive VaR model proposed by Engle and Manganelli (2004), I examine 30 potential drivers of Bitcoin’s 5% and 1% VaR. For the 5% VaR, quantity variables, such as Bitcoin trading volume and monetary policy rate, were positively significant, but these effects were attenuated when new samples were added. The 5% VaR responds positively to the Internet search index and negatively to the fluctuation of returns on commodity variables and the Chinese stock market index. For the 1% VaR, variables related to the macroeconomy play a key role. The consumer sentiment index exerts a strong positive effect on the 1% VaR. I also find that the 1% VaR has positive relationships with the US economic policy uncertainty index and the fluctuation of returns on the corporate bond index.

scholarly journals A COVID-19 Risk Assessment for the US Labor Force

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Maher ◽  
Alexandra E Hill ◽  
Peter Britton ◽  
Eli P. Fenichel ◽  
Peter Daszak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Return To Work ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Risk Factors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Important Variation ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Us

AbstractThe consequences of COVID-19 infection varies substantially based on individual social risk factors and predisposing health conditions. Understanding this variability may be critical for targeting COVID-19 control measures, resources and policies, including efforts to return people back to the workplace. We compiled individual level data from the National Health Information Survey and Quarterly Census of Earnings and Wages to estimate the number of at-risk workers for each US county and industry, accounting for both social and health risks. Nearly 80% of all workers have at least one health risk and 11% are over 60 with an additional health risk. We document important variation in the at-risk population across states, counties, and industries that could provide a strategic underpinning to a staged return to work.One Sentence SummaryThere is important variability in the proportion of the US workforce at risk for COVID-19 complications across regions, counties, and industries that should be considered when targeting control and relief policies, and a staged return to work.

scholarly journals Militarization, slow violence, and the emerging threat of condemnation in Hawai‘i

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3.1-3.12
Author(s):  
N. Mahina Tuteur
Keyword(s):  
Active Role ◽  
Kanaka Maoli ◽  
Public Purpose ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Military ◽  
Fair Market Value

This article examines the environmental impacts of the US military presence in Hawaii, looking specifically at the federal government’s power to condemn land for a ‘public purpose’ under the US Constitution. In 2018, the Hawaii Supreme Court ruled that the State of Hawaii failed its duty to properly manage 23,000 acres of lands leased to the military at Pōhakuloa and must take an active role in preserving trust property. With the expiration of this lease (and several others) approaching in 2029, controversy is stirring as to whether the military will simply condemn these lands if the cost of clean-up is greater than the land’s fair-market value at the expiration of the lease. In other words, as long as it remains cheaper for the military to pollute and condemn than it is for it to restore, what options do we have for legal and political recourse? Considering grassroots movements’ strategic use of media and legal action through an environmental justice lens, this article provides a starting point to consider avenues for ensuring proper clean-up of these lands, and ultimately, negotiating for their return to Kānaka Maoli.

American policy orientalized

2006 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-334
Author(s):  
Edmund F. Wehrle
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Temple University ◽  
South Vietnam ◽  
National Liberation Front ◽  
American Policy ◽  
Reign Of Terror ◽  
Ngo Dinh Diem ◽  
The U.S

America's Miracle Man in Vietnam presents a prime example of the controversial new cultural trend in U.S. diplomatic history. On the surface, the author's depiction of the process whereby Ngo Dinh Diem became America's candidate to head the new country of South Vietnam is familiar (see, for instance, George Herring, America's Longest War, Temple University Press, 1986, 50–69). Echoing others, Jacobs argues that the U.S. promotion of Diem ultimately led to severe setbacks in Southeast Asia. So blatant were Diem's flaws, Jacobs insists, virtually any prescient observer could have predicted his unsuitability to lead nascent South Vietnam. Diem had no political base, was “undeniably an autocrat,” and appeared to be an eccentric loner by virtually all accounts (38). Once in office, Diem predictably launched his “reign of terror and error,” alienating legions of his countrymen and strengthening his opposition, which emerged officially as the National Liberation Front in 1960 (17).

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