scholarly journals METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT IN SOIL MECHANICS AND THE INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG THESE METHODS

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
Ha Thi San Phan ◽  
Son Minh Le
Keyword(s):  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Cohesive Soils ◽  
Methods Of Determination ◽  
Definition Of

"Liquid limit" is one of the most important properties used for classification of soil samples. However, up to now, the definition of this property along with their relevant methods of determination have not been unified yet. This paper attemps to introduce the evolution of methods of determination of liquid limit together with the interrelationship of liquid limits for cohesive soils obtained from these methods. The relationships of liquid limits from different methods are summarized from the researchs of authors since 1957 to 2001.

State Failure and the Political Violence Phenomenon: A Comparative Analysis of Iraq and Syria Cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Eylem Özkaya Lassalle
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
State Failure ◽  
The Political ◽  
Collective Violence ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

The concept of failed state came to the fore with the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the USSR and the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Political violence is central in these discussions on the definition of the concept or the determination of its dimensions (indicators). Specifically, the level of political violence, the type of political violence and intensity of political violence has been broached in the literature. An effective classification of political violence can lead us to a better understanding of state failure phenomenon. By using Tilly’s classification of collective violence which is based on extent of coordination among violent actors and salience of short-run damage, the role played by political violence in state failure can be understood clearly. In order to do this, two recent cases, Iraq and Syria will be examined.

scholarly journals The complexity of DNA sequences. Different approaches and definitions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-337
Author(s):  
Vladimir D. Gusev ◽  
Liubov A. Miroshnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Quantitative Characteristic ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Symbolic Sequence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of

An important quantitative characteristic of symbolic sequence (texts, strings) is complexity, which reflects at the intuitive level the degree of their "non-randomness". A.N. Kolmogorov formulated the most general definition of complexity. He proposed measuring the complexity of an object (symbolic sequence) by the length of the shortest descriptions by which this object can be uniquely reconstructed. Since there is no program guaranteed to search for the shortest description, in practice, various algorithmic approximations considered in this paper are used for this purpose. Along with definitions of complexity, suggesting the possibility of reconstruction a sequence from its "description", a number of measures are considered that do not imply such restoration. They are based on the calculation of some quantitative characteristics. Of interest is not only a quantitative assessment of complexity, but also the identification and classification of structural regularities that determine its specific value. In one form or another, they are expressed in the demonstration of repetition in the broadest sense. The considered measures of complexity are conventionally divided into statistical ones that take into account the frequency of occurrence of symbols or short “words” in the text, “dictionary” ones that estimate the number of different “subwords” and “structural” ones based on the identification of long repeating fragments of text and the determination of relationships between them. Most of the methods are designed for sequences of an arbitrary linguistic nature. The special attention paid to DNA sequences, reflected in the title of the article, is due to the importance of the object, manifestations of repetition of different types, and numerous examples of using the concept of complexity in solving problems of classification and evolution of various biological objects. Local structural features found in the sliding window mode in DNA sequences are of considerable interest, since zones of low complexity in the genomes of various organisms are often associated with the regulation of basic genetic processes.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF DETERMINATION OF THE COST OF PLANTS CERTAIN KINDS WHEN CARRYING OUT FORENSIC MERCHANDISING EXAMINATIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 351-359
Author(s):  
О. S. Obolentseva-Krasivska
Keyword(s):  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Market Relations

Flowers, ornamental plants, planting material (saplings) and other plants with regard to which the market with possibility of carrying out independent adequate marketing was formed, are the subject of evaluation by the experts in field of forensic merchandising. With the development of the market and market relations such goods as flowers, planting material and others are increasingly encashed in the market of Ukraine and become the objects of forensic merchandising examinations and expert researches. Special feature of merchandising researches of the plant origin objects is the use of the comprehensive approach to the estimation of their quality and cost. Researches are carried out with the purpose of determination of properties, consumer value, conformity to standards and specifications of plants certain kinds. When studying a considerable variety of flower plants, one distinguishes scientific and industrial classifications. In merchandising flowers industrial classification of flower ornamental plants which provides distribution of flower plants to the separate groups similar on biological properties, the agricultural technician of cultivation and practical application in gardening is used. During carrying out merchandising examinations on an establishment of consumer properties of certain kinds plants, namely establishments organoleptic indicators of quality and quantity of flower decorative production given for research, the expert checks conformity of this production to requirements of normative and technical documents. Requirements to quality of flower production are normalised by standards depending on production kind – cutf lowers, pottery blossoming plants, pottery decorative sheet plants, sprouts of flower decorative production, planting material, seeds of flower ornamental plants. At carrying out merchandising researches of flower decorative production, plants and saplings it’s necessary for merchandising experts to pay special attention on definition of quality indicators and a grade of plants according to standards, and also to consider data concerning age of a plant, novelty of a grade and origin country of production.

scholarly journals Approach towards classification of the types of legal responsibility

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Konstantin Evgenevich Shilekhin
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Close Link ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tax Fraud ◽  
Definition Of

The subject of this research is the social relations in the context of bringing to legal responsibility, as well as normative legal acts and scientific literature that reflect such relations. The problem of classification of the types of legal responsibility is relevant in the context of substantiation of the autonomy of its individual types. The attempts to substantiate the autonomy of one or another type of legal responsibility entail the revision of the grounds for classification. The goal of this article consists in revealing the natural grounds for definition of the concept of “legal responsibility” to build consistent and exhaustive classification. The main conclusion lies in determination of the criterion for classification of the types of legal responsibility. Emphasis is placed on the social relations underlying the legal relations, namely legal relations in the area of bringing to legal responsibility. On the example of responsibility for committing tax fraud, the article demonstrates the failure of attempts to find qualification criteria on the basis of the normative legal acts outside the entirety of social relations. The article determines the close link between social relations in the economic sphere, as well as their impact upon legal relations emerging in the context of bringing to legal responsibility as a whole and administrative responsibility in particular.

TRADE MARKETING AND NEW SALES PROMOTION TOOLS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2283-2292
Author(s):  
N.V. Shashlo ◽  
◽  
A.A. Kuzubov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Sales Promotion ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The market is a constant battle between enterprises, in which the winner will be the one who effectively plans, implements and measures the results of marketing activities. To get more profit and to meet the customers' needs, it is advisable to use a trade marketing mechanism. The issue of increasing the demand for goods is quite effectively resolved through the interaction of production and intermediary enterprises using trade marketing tools. This concept is insufficiently studied by Russian scientists, which makes it difficult to fully use it for the needs of market participants. The purpose of the article is an in-depth analysis of the conceptual and categorical apparatus of “trade marketing”, as well as transformation and improvement of the classification of tools of the trade marketing system and determination of the features of their use by production and intermediary enterprises. Basing on the analysis of modern economic literature, the authors have formed their own definition of the concept “trade marketing”. It is based on the manufacturer's and the intermediary's influence on the increase in demand for products, as well as on forming end consumer's loyalty to the brand through the effective interaction of all participants in the trade chain. The most relevant trade marketing tools used by marketing agencies and domestic scientists are considered. The existing approach to the classification of trade marketing tools has been expanded. We have developed our own classification of trade marketing tools, the main criterion of which is the target audience of the enterprise. The proposed classification will help industrial and trade enterprises to use the system of trade-marketing means more efficiently.

scholarly journals The impact of a test method on the liquid limit of the selected cohesive soils

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (5) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Andrzej Gruchot ◽  
Eugeniusz Zawisza ◽  
Tymoteusz Zydroń ◽  
Ewa Klimek
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Cohesive Soils ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Cone Penetrometer ◽  
Medium Sand ◽  
Different Content ◽  
The Impact

The research presented in this paper aimed at the determination of the impact of a test method on the liquid limit of the selected cohesive soils with different content of clay fraction: loosely cohesive – clayey medium sand, moderately cohesive on the border of loosely cohesive – coarse silt and firmly cohesive – silty clay. Liquid limit was determined by the following methods: Casagrande, Vasiliev and the cone penetrometer. It was stated, that the values of the liquid limit of the tested soils determined by various methods were different, which significantly affected the assessment of their plasticity and consistency. According to the standard PKN-CEN ISO/TS 17892-2:2009, the liquid limit should be determined with the cone penetrometer, whereas the alternative is Casagrande’s method. The conducted tests showed, that in the case of cohesive soils containing up to 10–11% of clay fraction, the differences between the values of the liquid limit determined with the cone penetrometer and the Casagrande’s method were relatively small and equaled 1–2%, therefore both methods are correct. In the case of cohesive soils containing more than 20% of clay fraction, differences between the values of the liquid limit determined with the cone penetrometer and the Casagrande’s method were slightly higher than in the previous case, and equaled approximately 4%. In those cases, determination of the liquid limit can be performed both using the first or the second method, though the above-cited standard recommends the cone penetrometer method.

scholarly journals The concept and framework for assessing competitiveness of tourism cluster

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Ani Gagikovna Arakelyan ◽  
Arsen Rafikovich Simonyan
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Organizational Relations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Tourism Services

The subject of this research is the economic and organizational relations regarding the formation and assessment of competitiveness of tourism cluster, as well as correlation between the level of competitiveness and various trajectories and stages of the lifecycle of tourism clusters. The object of this research is the tourism sector of economy and its separate enterprises unified by specific relations into the cluster territorial-industrial formations. The article employs the works of Russian and foreign experts in the area of economics and management of tourism sector of the economy. The scientific novelty is substantiated by gain of knowledge on the content, maintenance, assessment, and role of the economic category of “competitiveness of tourism cluster”, including the formulated definition of this concept, its components, elaboration of assessment framework and classification of the criteria of competitiveness of tourism cluster, as well as methodology for determination of lifecycle stages and trajectories in development of tourism cluster. The acquired results are of theoretical importance as a reference point for further research and possibility of practical implementation as an instrument for development management of tourism sector of the economy. The presented materials can be used in the development of tourism services online platform based on digital technologies.

Simulations of Fall Cone Test in Soil Mechanics Using the Material Point Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 846 ◽  
pp. 336-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Llano-Serna ◽  
M.M. Farias ◽  
D.M. Pedroso ◽  
David J. Williams ◽  
D. Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Material Point Method ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Material Point ◽  
Point Method ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Large Deformation Problems

The material point method is a particle-based method that uses a double Lagrangian-Eulerian discretisation. This approach has proved its functionality for the simulation of large deformation problems. Such problems are frequent in geotechnical engineering, more specifically those related to penetration during pile driving and conventional in situ tests such as the Cone Penetration Test. The shallow laboratory fall cone test is considered in this paper. This test is widely used for the determination of the liquid limit of clays, but it is also used to study the relationship between penetration (h) and the undrained shear strength of clays (su). Simulations are verified against laboratory vane shear tests and fall cone tests performed on samples of kaolin clay at different moisture contents. Calibrations using a simple penetration-strength (h-su) model are made based on a single coefficient named the cone factor (K). The numerical results closely match both the experimental data and analytical solutions available in the literature.

FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN PEACE OPERATIONS OF UNITED NATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1801-1813
Author(s):  
Milenko Dzeletovic ◽  
Hatidza Berisha ◽  
Nikola Vidovic
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Peace Operations ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Conceptual Definition ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Legal Foundation ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Definition Of

In paper, the authors point out a description of the basic characteristics of the UN Organization, the process of establishing peacekeeping operations and their legal foundation in the UN Charter on the complexity of the UN system in the decision-making process and in process of the establishment of peacekeeping operations. Considering the interpretation of the legitimacy of the establishment of peacekeeping operations through the goals set by the United Nations Charter.Through the paper the conceptual-theoretical determination of peacekeeping operations was carried out and the classification of United Nations peacekeeping operations was given. Relying on the conceptual definition of peacekeeping operations with regard to our strategic - doctrinal documents that do not recognize this term, but they see it as the contents of multinational operations.Authors see the focus of work in the philosophy of emerging and perceiving basic conceptual differences between traditional and modern peace operations.The importance of the work is reflected in the understanding of conceptual differences and changes in the nature of the conflict, which led to the revolution and evolution of UN peacekeeping operations, from traditional to contemporary peacekeeping operations.

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