scholarly journals The complexity of DNA sequences. Different approaches and definitions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-337
Author(s):  
Vladimir D. Gusev ◽  
Liubov A. Miroshnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Quantitative Characteristic ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Symbolic Sequence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of

An important quantitative characteristic of symbolic sequence (texts, strings) is complexity, which reflects at the intuitive level the degree of their "non-randomness". A.N. Kolmogorov formulated the most general definition of complexity. He proposed measuring the complexity of an object (symbolic sequence) by the length of the shortest descriptions by which this object can be uniquely reconstructed. Since there is no program guaranteed to search for the shortest description, in practice, various algorithmic approximations considered in this paper are used for this purpose. Along with definitions of complexity, suggesting the possibility of reconstruction a sequence from its "description", a number of measures are considered that do not imply such restoration. They are based on the calculation of some quantitative characteristics. Of interest is not only a quantitative assessment of complexity, but also the identification and classification of structural regularities that determine its specific value. In one form or another, they are expressed in the demonstration of repetition in the broadest sense. The considered measures of complexity are conventionally divided into statistical ones that take into account the frequency of occurrence of symbols or short “words” in the text, “dictionary” ones that estimate the number of different “subwords” and “structural” ones based on the identification of long repeating fragments of text and the determination of relationships between them. Most of the methods are designed for sequences of an arbitrary linguistic nature. The special attention paid to DNA sequences, reflected in the title of the article, is due to the importance of the object, manifestations of repetition of different types, and numerous examples of using the concept of complexity in solving problems of classification and evolution of various biological objects. Local structural features found in the sliding window mode in DNA sequences are of considerable interest, since zones of low complexity in the genomes of various organisms are often associated with the regulation of basic genetic processes.

State Failure and the Political Violence Phenomenon: A Comparative Analysis of Iraq and Syria Cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Eylem Özkaya Lassalle
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
State Failure ◽  
The Political ◽  
Collective Violence ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

The concept of failed state came to the fore with the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the USSR and the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Political violence is central in these discussions on the definition of the concept or the determination of its dimensions (indicators). Specifically, the level of political violence, the type of political violence and intensity of political violence has been broached in the literature. An effective classification of political violence can lead us to a better understanding of state failure phenomenon. By using Tilly’s classification of collective violence which is based on extent of coordination among violent actors and salience of short-run damage, the role played by political violence in state failure can be understood clearly. In order to do this, two recent cases, Iraq and Syria will be examined.

scholarly journals UKRAINIAN REALIA OF THE XIX CENTURY AND ITS TRANSLATION (BASED ON THE POEM “KATERINA” BY TARAS SHEVCHENKO)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
E.I. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Real World ◽  
Species Replacement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Entire Array

The article is written in line with current research, since the problem of studying Ukrainian realities is of unquestionable interest for several reasons. First, understanding the realities will promote bettermutual understanding of different peoples; and secondly, the definition of optimal means of translating the realities is a definite contribution to the general theory of translation. Different types of real-world classifications are proposed, the difficulties associated with the adequate transfer into the translated text of an entire array of cultural information encoded in the realities contained in the origina text are investigated. Basing on the analysis of numerous translations of literary works, Ukrainian researchers (R. Zorivchak, V. Koptilov, O. Kundzich, O. Cherednichenko, etc.) show ways to overcome linguistic obstacles caused by cultural differences. But, as far as we know, the problem of the translation of Ukrainian realities in the works of T. Shevchenko is not yet exhaustively highlighted. The purpose of this article is to analyze the peculiarities of the use of realities in the work of Taras Shevchenko "Katerina" and their translation into English. We have given an ideographic classification of lexical units - Ukrainian realities in fiction and analyzed such means of their translation as calque, renomination, transcription with explanation, the introduction of neologism, the principle of generic-species replacement, which allows  conveying (approximately) the content of the realities by a broader, general meaning, that is, the reception of generalization. The results of our analysis allow us to make an ideographic classification of Ukrainian realities that are used in fiction, as well as to summarize the prevalence of their means of translation. Prospects for further research are seen in the analysis of certain translation failures in the translation of realities and to offer the best options for their translation.

scholarly journals Macroseismic risk classification of historical constructions: the LEXSIS approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Puncello ◽  
Silvia Caprili ◽  
Elisa Bonanni
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Structural Behaviour ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Knowledge Process ◽  
Risk Ranking ◽  
Hazard Parameters ◽  
Specific Evaluation

AbstractThe present paper deals with the elaboration of a methodology to assess the macro-seismic risk of monumental historical buildings, representing a fundamental part of the European cultural assets. Monumental buildings typically arise from a very complex constructive and morphological evolution process characterised by modifications occurred over the centuries. Therefore, they are usually heterogeneous buildings similar to 'structural aggregates' rather than single constructions and characterised by a structural behaviour depending on the mutual interaction of different structural units. An accurate knowledge process can allow the determination of structural units within the complex: such units can be therefore analysed using a specific evaluation form conceived to provide a 'risk ranking' of the different portions constituting the aggregate and accounting for vulnerability, exposure and seismic hazard parameters. The proposed methodology exploits what is already used to quickly determine structural features and eventual damages in the post-earthquake phase for ordinary buildings, introducing specific aspects typical of historical-cultural heritage requiring attention. According to the results achieved, retrofit interventions or deepen investigations can be planned for units provided by a higher position in the risk scale, optimising and rationally planning the use of available economic and time resources. In the present work, the proposed methodology is applied to the monumental complex of the Certosa di Calci, Pisa (Italy).

scholarly journals A New Test of Filterability for Unprocessed Wines Evaluation of the Enzyme Efficiency

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Amélie Vallet-Courbin ◽  
Soizic Lacampagne ◽  
Rose Marie Canal-Llauberes ◽  
Sigolène Mattalana Malzieu ◽  
Tihomir Kanev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Matter ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Enzyme Efficiency ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Selection Of

A new Test of Filterability has been developed. Measurements carried out with different types of wines indicate that the new filterability index is a useful tool for understanding and predicting the propensity to fouling of treated or untreated wines, e.g. with or without enzyme addition. The measurement method used in the Test of Filterability, requires only one type of membrane for all types of wine, and uses the same equipment as the traditional Fouling Index. Numerous trials have demonstrated that the filtration of wines is governed by standard blocking law. The definition of the new Test of Filterability, based on this filtration law, is proposed. The choice of membrane and the selection of the optimal pore size were based on the results of the experiments. Current methods used for the determination of fouling properties in wine filtration have been developed for the membrane filtration of small quantities of suspended matter. Enzyme treatment is a process often used in wine clarification. The new Test of Filterability indicates the best conditions for the filtration of all types of wines. The test is easy to implement and has been validated with various wines. This new Test of Filterability is an important tool for winemakers as it constitutes a simplified test of a wine's filterability. The new test may also be used to determine the filtration process that is best adapted to each wine while reducing the number of operations. The same approach may be adopted for the filtration of other liquids. 

scholarly journals SPATIAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT NETWORKS AND ITS CONNECTION WITH THE TYPOLOGY OF TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CITIES OF NAJAF AND KUFA OF THE PROVINCE OF NAJAF

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
A. Al-jaberi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
Spatial Classification ◽  
The Road ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Gis Environment

Transport is a link between territories with different types of land use in urban areas. At the same time, the improved accessibility associated with the transport network can lead to increased segregation and a change in land use. The article analyzes the road network of the Najaf and Kufa cities, Najaf province, Iraq, in order to identify the spatial classification of roads and streets. Based on the analysis, three main types of roads and streets are identified with respect to their structural features and characteristics: regional, city and district. The dependence of the typology and location of transit-oriented zones on the classification of the road network is indicated. In the process of analyzing the study area, the most optimal points for the practice of transit-oriented development (TOD) are identified, the territories most favorable for the location of transit-oriented zones of regional, city and district significance are introduced, the main characteristics of these zones are given. In order to reach goals, this article includes the collection of data and the creation of a database for land use applying a geographic information systems (GIS) environment. The result of the spatial analysis are five regional nodes, six urban nodes and seven district nodes

scholarly journals CONSTITUTIVE EVALUATIVE CONCEPTS IN CRIMINAL LAW: CONCEPT, TYPES, FUNCTIONS, ESSENTIAL FEATURES

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-458
Author(s):  
D.R. Kasimov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cognitive Meaning

The article provides a new classification of evaluative concepts enshrined in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, indicates the purpose of its existence in the doctrine of criminal law. The article describes the definition of constitutive evaluative concepts that are determined as legislatively vague evaluative concepts that, by their normative-essential and functionally-substantive characteristics, are absolute, necessarily alternative, or accompanying structural features of a crime. Through the prism of the features of constitutive evaluative concepts, their varieties, essential features and functions are distinguished; interpretation (including cognitive) meaning is revealed. Moreover, the interpretation features of these evaluative concepts are considered in two interdependent aspects: the structurally-essential (associated with the types, attributes and functions of constitutive evaluative concepts) and the procedural-substantive (associated with the informative and informative activities of the interpreter). It is indicated that the interpretation features of an structurally-essential nature are, firstly, in the composition and criminogenic properties of constitutive evaluative concepts, and secondly, in the semantic structural composition, indicating a meaningful dependence of the evaluative concept on the accompanying structural features of a crime, and thirdly, legally significant functional features. At the same time, interpretative features of a procedural-substantive order are also highlighted, which include, firstly, the need for a paramount definition of the criminogenic determinant, designed to establish the structural features of a crime in a perfect act, and secondly, in an increased degree of normative casuistic derivative of these evaluative concepts. The author comes to the conclusion that constitutive evaluative concepts are interpreted according to the same logical-linguistic and legal laws, but with some marked structurally meaningful features.

scholarly journals ДИЗАЙН-ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ СУЧАСНИХ СУКОНЬ З ОЗДОБЛЕННЯМ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ТКАНИН

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
К. Л. Пашкевич ◽  
О. В. Єжова ◽  
Т. Ф. Кротова ◽  
Н. Д. Креденець ◽  
Лю Цзянсінь ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Approach ◽  
Surface Density ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Selection Of

To study the specifics of design-projection of clothes with finishing, considering the properties of fabrics. The system approach, as well as the methods of system-structural and morphological analysis, are used. The current collections of women`s clothes, presented by modern designers, have been analyzed; the current fashion trends in manufacturing and finishing of dress fabrics and products, made from such fabrics, have been identified; the classification of types of finishing of clothes has been presented. The frequency of occurrence of different types of finishing in the collections of world-famous designers in 2011 – 2019 has been determined. Physical and mechanical properties of samples of dress fabrics have been studied, in particular: thickness, surface density, abruption characteristics; their interconnections have been identified. The recommendations on the selection of fabrics for the creation of modern women`s dresses using different types of finishing (flat, volumetric) have been developed. The interconnections between physical and mechanical parameters of dress fabrics are identified, and the recommendations on the selection of fabrics for the creation of modern women`s dresses using the finishing based on the tectonic approach are developed. The conducted set of scientific researches on the design-projection of women`s dresses, based on the tectonic approach, and the determination of physical and mechanical parameters of dress fabrics are the basis for the development of recommendations on the selection of fabrics for the manufacturing of dresses with a variety of finishes.

scholarly journals COMMUNICATION PLATFORMS: A MODER VISION

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Angelica Dosenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Communication Platform ◽  
Independent Unit ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

The aim.Тhere is a theoretical justification for the phenomenon of «Communication Platform».Theapplied social and communication technologies there is a layering of terminological apparatus: classification and identification of terms and theoretical and methodological basis. One of such phenomena is the development of communication platforms, which are separated into an independent definition and depart from Internet platforms and social networks. It is important to study the development of platforming as a process of forming platforms of different types and cluster formation.Research methods.The method of theoretical analysis is used to study the existing points of view and clearly derive the definition of «communication platform».A method of comparison to derive the author's vision of the existence and functioning of the characteristics of the definition of «Communication Platform»and distinguish it from other types of platforms.The method of sociological survey contributed to the practical vision of the communication platform as an independent unit that is able to raise socially important issues and help solve difficult issues.The resultsof the study showed the difference between the terms «Social Networks»and "Communication Platform". There is a classification of platforms, the difference between them. The own vision of the terminological unit is given. This approach demonstrated the need for further scientific study of the phenomenon, the need to unify the approach to the description of platforming as a process in applied social and communication technologies.Social networks as a communication unit are considered in detail, the features that distinguish platforms and social networks are described.The conclusionsemphasize the further need to study communication platforms as applied scientific units. The definition of the phenomenon taking into account the author's vision is offered. Emphasis is placed on the features inherent in communication platforms.

scholarly journals Models of evaluating the impact of changes technological and industrial areas in enterprise development

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (40) ◽  
pp. 253-264
Author(s):  
Roman Sherstiuk ◽  
Eduard Malevski ◽  
Nataliia Marynenko ◽  
Olha Pavlykivska ◽  
Liliya Melnyk
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Enterprise Development ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Artificial Changes

In this paper, the authors demonstrated that the industrial enterprises development is impossible without evaluating changes that occur with technological and manufacturing sector enterprises by external and internal factors. As a result of this study on the ratio of different types of external and internal changes, the authors developed a classification of typical situations in which the technological and production sphere of the enterprise. To address the evaluation of changes in the paper developed a set of models assessing the impact of natural and artificial changes to enterprise development based on consideration of the consequences of different rates of technological and industrial areas researched the company and its competitors and provides a definition of the type of the current situation in which the industrial an enterprise that provides grounds for the development of appropriate strategies and measures for its development.

scholarly journals Functional, Behavioral and Structural Features

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Functional Feature ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function

In this paper we examine the definition of the term “feature”, and “functional feature” in particular. The goal of the paper is to shed some light on the reason for the profusion of types of features that have been discussed in the literature, to revisit the general definition of the term, and to attempt a definition that uses concepts from Artificial Intelligence. By separating structure, behavior and function, and by defining function, alternative interpretations of “functional feature” are obtained.

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