scholarly journals The nonprofit incorporation of America, 1860-1932

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kory Paul Gallagher

This project is an examination of the formation of corporatized charitable organizations from 1860-1932. Focusing on six organizations--the United States Sanitary Commission, the Freedmen's Bureau, the Peabody Foundation, the Slater Fund, the American National Red Cross, and the Young Men's Christian Association--it encourages scholars to view large-scale charities as more than good works, instead acknowledging the inherently corporate nature of nonprofit corporations. This study makes three arguments. First, the experience of the Civil War produced two possible paths to a modern civil society, with the model of independent organizations winning out over direct government intervention. Second, into the void left by the federal government's exit came private foundations, which desired to operate in a corporate manner, while expecting a corporate culture among those receiving their funds. This led to the corporatization of organizations that sought legitimacy in the eyes of major donors. Third, with organizations becoming corporatized, they were welcomed into the government-big business-association alliance that became the basis for governing in lieu of direct federal intervention. A system which was exposed as not up to the task presented by the Great Depression as it failed to respond appropriately to a drought in Arkansas in 1932.

Slave No More ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 164-196
Author(s):  
Aline Helg

This chapter explores the shock waves caused by the Haitian Revolution and the massive slave insurrection that took both the Americas and Europe by surprise. Despite the rarity of large-scale revolts after 1794, the Saint Domingue insurrection did have a lasting impact on the slaves. The greatest lesson they retained from Haiti was that the institution of slavery was neither unchangeable nor invincible. Amid the troubled backdrop of the age of revolutions, many attentively followed the legal changes upsetting their owners, like the Spanish Códigno Negro, the French abolition of slavery, gradual emancipation laws in the northern United States, and the ban of the slave trade by Great Britain and the United States. Furthermore, after 1794, protests during which slaves claimed freedom they believed to have been decreed by the king or the government, but hidden by their masters, multiplied.


2020 ◽  
pp. 147892992097352
Author(s):  
Aly Hiko ◽  
Austin Horng-En Wang

Early studies show that the COVID-19 pandemic causes the rally-around-the-flag effect and increases the level of nationalism among the voters after the outbreak. However, how long does this boost last? Voters may cognitively withdraw their identification to the beloved country if the pandemic is rampant in where they live as well as when the government fails to address it thoroughly. We conducted a pre-registered MTurk experiment (n = 606) on 20 April 2020, in the United States—3 months after the first confirmed case and weeks after the large-scale lockdown. Results show that US subjects who were primed of the COVID-19 in the United States significantly decreased their level of nationalism, especially among Democrats. In contrast, the priming of “COVID-19 in the world” has no effect. The negative impact of COVID-19 on nationalism could be explained by enough time as people could observe and evaluate the government’s performance after the outbreak through the partisan lens.


1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (137) ◽  
pp. 443-460

Two events had a considerable impact on the ICRC's financial position in 1971:(a) The message which the Swiss Federal Council addressed to the Federal Assembly, on 8 September 1971, regarding the Confederation's contributions to the International Committee of the Red Cross;(b) Payment by the Government of the United States of America of an extraordinary contribution of 1 million dollars, on 29 June 1971.


1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-426
Author(s):  
Laurence W. Maher

On the evening of 18 November 1976 the Foreign Proceedings (Prohibition of Certain Evidence) Act 1976 passed through both Houses of Federal Parliament in less than three hours. The Federal Government claimed that the Act was urgently needed to protect the Australian national interest, which was said generally to be threatened by attempts being made to gather evidence in Australia for use in large-scale litigation in the United States of America arising put of an international uranium cartel The Parliamentary debate did little credit either to the Government or the Opposition. It is necessary to go beyond the Parliamentary Debates to make an informed assessment of the Act. When the facts are examined it becomes clear that the Government's claim that the situation was urgent was unfounded, that the appeal to the national interest was at best highly questionable and that, because of the availability of appropriate judicial process, legislative action was unnecessary. The Act is alarmingly vague and reposes wide discretionary powers in the Attorney-General. Its passage and operation have quite disturbing implications for parliamentary democracy and the principle of open government. Where uranium is concerned the Federal Government is showing an increasing tendency to use the Parliament as a cipher.


ReAction! ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Griep ◽  
Marjorie L. Mikasen

In the United States after the September 2001 attacks, citizens were advised to protect themselves from toxic dusts by covering their windows with plastic sheeting and duct tape that could be purchased from any hardware store. One hundred years ago, terrorists would not have had ready access to today’s common chemicals to create makeshift explosives, and citizens would not have had access to plastic sheeting or duct tape to protect themselves from aerosols or gases. Chemical weapons have engendered a cloud of fear since their introduction into warfare during World War I. Recently, the large-scale use of chemicals as lethal weapons has drifted from warfare to terrorism. Chemical weapons are often equated with poison gases (either asphyxiation or nerve agents), but as can be seen in the list of movies for this chapter, they are actually the most diverse type of weapon. Some of these weapons are discussed elsewhere in the book (psychedelic agents, chapter 5; explosives, chapter 9). The chemistry in nuclear weapons movies is discussed in the commentary sections for those movies that use them. The movies in this chapter are closely linked to spy movies, which lie at the nexus of the action and thriller genres. Spy movies are appealing in part because these charming, good-looking government employees live by their wits and gut reactions to make split-second decisions that are best for the spy and the government. But a spy is only as good as the villain; otherwise, it wouldn’t be challenging or fun. So, the final ingredient for the movie choices in this chapter is that many of them refer to actual chemical weapons, which grounds them in the real world. The audience knows these weapons are dangerous and can be misused by the wrong person. Only about 70 chemical compounds have been put to use during military conflicts over the past century, and they are classified based on their effects. Asphyxiating and blistering agents were created for WWI (1914–1918); nerve agents were developed for WWII (1940–1945) but never used in that war; napalm was also created for WWII but it generated public comment only when used in the Vietnam War; nonlethal psychedelics were tested extensively during the 1950s but haven’t been documented as having been used yet; herbicides and tear gas were used tactically during the Vietnam War.


2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (01) ◽  
pp. 25-44
Author(s):  
KERI LAMBERT

AbstractThis study assesses the agricultural sector under the government of Kwame Nkrumah as a dynamic Cold War front. After Ghana's independence in 1957, Nkrumah asserted that the new nation would guard its sovereignty from foreign influence, while recognizing that it needed foreign cooperation and investment. His government embarked upon a development program with an emphasis on diversifying Ghana's agriculture to decrease her dependence on cocoa. Meanwhile, both the United States and the Soviet Union sought to establish footholds in Ghana through agricultural aid, trade, and investments. In the first years of independence, the Ghanaian state encouraged smallholder farming and American investment. Later, in a sudden change of policy, the government established large-scale state farms along the socialist model. This article brings to light the ways that Ghanaians in rural areas engaged with and interpreted the increasingly interventionist agriculture projects and policies of Nkrumah's government.


1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (55) ◽  
pp. 527-528 ◽  

It will be recalled that the International Committee of the Red Cross addressed to the Governments of the Republic of Viet Nam, of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam, as well as of the United States of America an appeal urging them to respect, in present conditions, the humanitarian provisions of the Geneva Conventions to which these States have acceded. This appeal was also sent to the National Liberation Front. In its number of September 1965, the International Review published the replies received by the ICRC. The one dated August 10, 1965, emanated from the United States Government and the other of August 11, 1965, was sent by the Government of the Republic of Viet Nam.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241468
Author(s):  
Minha Lee ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Qianqian Sun ◽  
Yixuan Pan ◽  
Weiyi Zhou ◽  
...  

In March of this year, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, and it continues to threaten public health. This global health crisis imposes limitations on daily movements, which have deteriorated every sector in our society. Understanding public reactions to the virus and the non-pharmaceutical interventions should be of great help to fight COVID-19 in a strategic way. We aim to provide tangible evidence of the human mobility trends by comparing the day-by-day variations across the U.S. from January 2020 to early April 2020. Large-scale public mobility at an aggregated level is observed by leveraging mobile device location data and the measures related to social distancing. Our study captures spatial and temporal heterogeneity as well as the sociodemographic variations and teleworking trends regarding the pandemic propagation and the non-pharmaceutical mobility interventions. All metrics adapted capture decreased public movements after the national emergency declaration. The population staying home has increased in all states before the stay-at-home mandates implemented and becomes more stable after the order with a smaller range of fluctuation. The public had been taking active responses, voluntarily staying home more, to the in-state confirmed cases while the stay-at-home orders stabilize the variations. As the estimated teleworking rates also continue to incline throughout the study period, the teleworking trend can be another driving factor for the growing stay-at-home population. We confirm that there exists overall mobility heterogeneity between the income or population density groups. The study suggests that public mobility trends are in line with the government message urging to stay home. We anticipate our data-driven analysis offers integrated perspectives and serves as evidence to raise public awareness and, consequently, reinforce the importance of social distancing while assisting policymakers.


1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leland L. Johnson

Private investment in Latin America by citizens of the United States, as well as in other less-developed areas of the world, is widely regarded as a valuable—if not an indispensable—component of the overall U.S. foreign assistance program. By quickly identifying and exploring promising new business opportunities, and by providing financial resources and human skills required to translate them into going ventures, U.S. investment activities can make a vital contribution to economic development. Recognizing the role of private investment in furthering its national interests, the U.S. government has for a number of years sought to promote the flow of new investment: a rapidly growing investment guarantee program, direct government loans to eligible private investors, and investment information services are some of the instruments employed by the government in pursuing this objective. To provide additional incentives, a bill currently before Congress stipulates that U.S. investors making certain kinds of new investments in eligible, less-developed countries would be permitted to deduct 30 per cent of the cost of the investment from their total federal income-tax obligations.


2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Vehbi Ramaj ◽  
Mensur Tusha ◽  
Hazir Hajdari ◽  
Mustafë Kadriaj

With the imposition of a 100% tax in November 2018 for products originating from Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Government of the Republic of Kosovo, like never before, reacted to aggressive Serbian diplomatic politics. As a result of Serbian diplomacy, recognitions have been contested, causing Kosovo to fail in membership in international organizations. According to the current prime minister, the Government of Kosovo is determined until the Serbian state reflects, despite the international pressure until recognition of Kosovo, as an independent country in mutual recognition. The tax, at the same time, was the awareness that every citizen tried to avoid consuming products of Serbian origin. But, despite the economic effects, Kosovo is being asked to withdraw or suspend the tax based on the principles of CEFTA and SAA, at the same time asking Kosovo to give priority to dialogue and that pressure comes from Serbia with the lobbying that it does in countries that have an impact on Kosovo. As a result of pressure, Kosovo should reflect on its friends and strategic partners because a shrinking friendship is in favor of Serbia, despite the argument that Kosovo has. Through this paper, we will bring scientific analyzes from local and international media and we will bring statements from local and international statesmen, as well as analysis from economic case-tellers by bringing conclusions and recommendations on how to approach the Kosovo Government tax and exit from this international political pressure.When a country unilaterally raises a trade barrier, other countries usually follow the same example, ie raising their trade barriers, which escalate to a large-scale commercial war, or even worse, to a military war . During the 1930s, the United States decision to set up a trade barrier ended with the famed planetary depression, or - as others say - with the onset of the Second World War. Each country wants to have full access to international markets, but at the same time, many governments and states try to help local producers in competing with foreign producers. Although consumers and businesses have their benefits of unrestricted access to imports, often governments are unable to withstand the political pressure coming from inefficient industries. (Epping, 2007, p. 71). Although a trade war may not be as destructive as a war between the armies, in both cases we have people who suffer (often those people whose defense has started the war itself). The most common barriers to trade are quotas, fees and subsidies. By imposing a quote, a country limits the amount of foreign products that can be imported. The tariff is a tax - paid for goods crossing the country's customs points, which makes the price of manufactured goods abroad to rise. Governments, on the other hand, may use taxpayers' money to provide subsidies to domestic producers, which makes the local commodity price artificially lower than the price of imported goods. (Epping, 2007, p. 69.70). With the industrial revolution and the overcoming of mass production and distribution mass, in the 19th century, have come up the new challenges of the scientific approach to the market and the different approaches of knowledge gained in school trade. (Segetlija, 2009, p.24). The welfare economy represents a theory that gives us the basic arguments of government intervention in the economy. One of the main arguments discussed so far relates to "market failures", which appear to be impossible to regulate without the government intervening in the market by imposing taxes and making expenditures that also effect redistribution of income in a desirable way from a social point of view. On the other hand, other theories point to "government failures," which appear alongside market ones, and are the source of the overwhelming public discontent over the government's role. (Haderi, Milova, 2015, p. 143).


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