Genetic and physical interactions of Arabidopsis TOPLESS related 2 with regulators of plant innate immunity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Christopher M. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Plant Immune System ◽  
Physical Interactions ◽  
The University

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Plants are constantly subjected to attack from pathogens. In order to defend themselves, plants have evolved a robust immune system. However, activation of this immune system interferes with plant growth and development. As such, it is very important for plant health to keep the immune system properly repressed when not needed. Using genetics and microscopy we have identified a novel repressor of the plant immune system, TOPLESS RELATED 2 (TPR2). TPR2 appears to repress the immune response after activation, thereby preventing a prolonged immune response. These results help us understand how the plant immune system is regulated at a molecular level.

Elucidating the interaction dynamics between microswimmer body and immune system for medical microrobots

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (43) ◽  
pp. eaaz3867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Immihan Ceren Yasa ◽  
Hakan Ceylan ◽  
Ugur Bozuyuk ◽  
Anna-Maria Wild ◽  
Metin Sitti
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Mouse Macrophage ◽  
Macrophage Cell ◽  
Interaction Dynamics ◽  
Physical Interactions ◽  
Surface Chemistries

The structural design parameters of a medical microrobot, such as the morphology and surface chemistry, should aim to minimize any physical interactions with the cells of the immune system. However, the same surface-borne design parameters are also critical for the locomotion performance of the microrobots. Understanding the interplay of such parameters targeting high locomotion performance and low immunogenicity at the same time is of paramount importance yet has so far been overlooked. Here, we investigated the interactions of magnetically steerable double-helical microswimmers with mouse macrophage cell lines and splenocytes, freshly harvested from mouse spleens, by systematically changing their helical morphology. We found that the macrophages and splenocytes can recognize and differentially elicit an immune response to helix turn numbers of the microswimmers that otherwise have the same size, bulk physical properties, and surface chemistries. Our findings suggest that the structural optimization of medical microrobots for the locomotion performance and interactions with the immune cells should be considered simultaneously because they are highly entangled and can demand a substantial design compromise from one another. Furthermore, we show that morphology-dependent interactions between macrophages and microswimmers can further present engineering opportunities for biohybrid microrobot designs. We demonstrate immunobots that can combine the steerable mobility of synthetic microswimmers and the immunoregulatory capability of macrophages for potential targeted immunotherapeutic applications.

scholarly journals Determination of the Role and Active Sites of PKC-Delta-Like from Lamprey in Innate Immunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3357
Author(s):  
Yang Xu ◽  
Huan Zhao ◽  
Yang Tian ◽  
Kaixia Ren ◽  
Nan Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pkc Delta ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Catalytic Fragment

Protein kinase C-δ (PKC-δ) is an important protein in the immune system of higher vertebrates. Lampreys, as the most primitive vertebrates, have a uniquevariable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) immune system. PKC-δ-like is a crucial functional gene in lampreys and is highly expressed in their immune organs. In this study, lampreys were stimulated with different immunogens, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to increase the expression of PKC-δ-like. Overexpression of PKC-δ-like could also effectively activate the innate immune response. We further demonstrated that PKC-δ-like-CF, a catalytic fragment of PKC-δ-like, is responsible for activating the innate immune response, and Thr-211, which is Thr-419 of PKC-δ-like, was confirmed to be the key site affecting PKC-δ-like-CF activity. These results indicated that PKC-δ-like from lamprey may have an important role in the innate immune response.

scholarly journals β-Glucan and parasites

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Vetvicka ◽  
R. Fernandez-Botran
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Specific Immunity

Summary Immunosuppression caused by parasitic infections represents the foremost way by which the parasites overcome or escape the host’s immune response. Glucan is a well-established natural immunomodulator with the ability to significantly improve immune system, from innate immunity to both branches of specific immunity. Our review is focused on the possible role of glucan’s action in antiparasite therapies and vaccine strategies. We concluded that the established action of glucan opens a new window in treatment and protection against parasitic infections.

scholarly journals Lifting the innate immune barriers to antitumor immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla V Rothlin ◽  
Sourav Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cell Functions

The immune system evolved for adequate surveillance and killing of pathogens while minimizing host damage, such as due to chronic or exaggerated inflammation and autoimmunity. This is achieved by negative regulators and checkpoints that limit the magnitude and time course of the immune response. Tumor cells often escape immune surveillance and killing. Therefore, disrupting the brakes built into the immune system should effectively boost the anticancer immune response. The success of anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 have firmly established this proof of concept. Since the response rate of anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 is still limited, there is an intense effort for the identification of new targets and development of approaches that can expand the benefits of immunotherapy to a larger patient pool. Additional T cell checkpoints are obvious targets; however, here we focus on the unusual suspects—cells that function to initiate and guide T cell activity. Innate immunity is both an obligate prerequisite for the initiation of adaptive immune responses and a requirement for the recruitment of activated T cells to the site of action. We discuss some of the molecules present in innate immune cells, including natural killer cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, endothelial cells and stromal cells, that can activate or enhance innate immune cell functions, and more importantly, the inhibitors or checkpoints present in these cells that restrain their functions. Boosting innate immunity, either by enhancing activator functions or, preferably, by blocking the inhibitors, may represent a new anticancer treatment modality or at least function as adjuvants to T cell checkpoint inhibitors.

Delineating the functional roles of dynamin related proteins in plant innate immunity

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
John M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Vesicular Trafficking ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The University ◽  
Related Proteins

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Vesicular trafficking mediates the movement of cargo molecules from donor to target organelles and is emerging as a critical means by which plants modulate immune responses to microbial pathogens. However, relatively few vesicular trafficking proteins have been implicated as regulatory components of plant immune responses. Here, a candidate-based approach was utilized to identify Arabidopsis thaliana Dynamin-Related Protein 2B (DRP2B), as a novel vesicular trafficking protein functioning in flg22-signaling and innate immunity against Pseudomonas syringae. Loss of DRP2B differently affects three distinct branches of the flg22-signaling network. My analysis was extended to investigate other DRP family members which have also been previously implicated in endocytosis. Interestingly, loss of another DRP family member results in an identical separation of immune signaling responses as described for drp2b mutant plants, providing evidence that these two DRPs may operate within a common flg22-induced signaling pathway. In addition to identifying novel components that affect flg22-induced signaling responses, work in this dissertation sought to understand the potential role(s) of flg22-induced endocytosis of FLS2 in the initiation and attenuation of flg22-induced signaling responses. To this end, I made significant contributions showing that vesicular trafficking of FLS2 is important for the desensitization of cells to flg22 via ligand-induced endocytic degradation of FLS2 and that resensitization of cells to flg22 by secretion of newly-synthesized FLS2 prepares cells for subsequent rounds of flg22-perception. Altogether, work in this dissertation provides some of the first evidence of a link between flg22-induced endocytosis of FLS2 and early flg22-signaling responses.

scholarly journals Self-harm caused by an insect's innate immunity

2006 ◽  
Vol 273 (1600) ◽  
pp. 2571-2574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben M Sadd ◽  
Michael T Siva-Jothy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Life History ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Potential Disadvantage ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Fast Acting

It has been a long-held assumption that the innate immune system of insects causes self-harm when used to combat an immune insult. We show empirically that this assumption is correct. Invertebrate innate immunity relies heavily on effector systems which, on activation, produce cytotoxins that kill pathogens. Reliance on these robust, fast-acting, generic killing mechanisms ensures a potent and rapid response to pathogen invasion, but has the potential disadvantage of causing self-damage. We show that the innate immune response against an immune insult produces measurable phenotypic and functional damage to self-tissue in the beetle Tenebrio molitor . This type of self-harm (autoreactivity) and the life-history implications that arise from it are important to understand evolutionary phenomena such as the dynamics between hosts and parasites as well as the nature of immune system costs.

scholarly journals Modern Conceptions about the Mechanisms of Interaction Between Biofilm and Cellular Immunity Factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
N. M. Shlepotina ◽  
M. V. Peshikova ◽  
O. L. Kolesnikov ◽  
Yu. S. Shishkova
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Microbial Consortium ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cellular Immune

Features of the cellular immune response in the presence of a microbial biofilm are well described in the literature. Based on numerous studies, it became possible to establish a number of patterns: mature biofilms are better protected from immune factors, the effectiveness of antibiofilm strategies depends on species of the microorganisms, forming the biofilm, and, accordingly, on the composition of the biopolymer matrix. For example, rhamnolipids and alginate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exert a significant negative effect on the function of immunocompetent cells. The bacteria of biofilms became able to turn to their advantage many of the protective reactions developed by the immune system and fixed evolutionarily, applying them for the growth and development of the microbial consortium.

scholarly journals Rotavirus infection and immunity: discussion issues of clinical and immunological studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
S. G. Gorbunov ◽  
L. N. Mazankova ◽  
A. N. Os’kin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Receptor ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Age Related

The article reflects the literature data on the immune response mechanisms to rotavirus infection. The authors note that innate immunity factors play the leading role in protecting the organism from rotavirus. They demonstrate that both cellular and humoral components of the immune system are important in the pathogenesis of rotavirus infection. The protective effect is based on the activation of interferon and other cytokines, as well as TLR – innate immune receptor for double-stranded rotavirus RNA. The authors also describe the age-related aspects of the immune response, which cause a higher susceptibility to rotavirus in the neonatal period and its reduction with age.

How to improve the immune system naturally in Pandemi COVID-19?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-131
Author(s):  
Hikayati
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Manufacturing Methods

Covid-19 has become a world pandemic. In indonesia, surveillance data until october 2020 reported that the average incidence of covid-19 was 3,978 new cases per day in 502 districts from 34 provinces (who, 2020). About 80% of cases with mild symptoms can recover without special treatment, but not all covid-19 patients show signs and symptoms, this is thought to be influenced by the strength of the individual's immune system. Patients who have comorbidities such as diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, pulmonary disease and other chronic diseases will worsen the condition of the immune system. As it is known that the disease caused by the corona virus is a self-limiting disease that will heal itself with a good immune system. Immunity are all mechanisms that the body uses to protect against invading foreign substances or pathogens through an immune response mechanism which is divided into 2 phases : natural immune response (innate immunity) and adaptive immunity. Several ways can be done to improve the imune system. Natural immunity utilizes spices and herbal ingredients which are indonesia's natural resources, as immunomodulators. This is based on several research results and evidence based. Apart from easy manufacturing methods, these ingredients are very easy to find around our environment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document