scholarly journals Women in war work, 1914-1918

1919 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mary Louise Reid Brown
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Women In War ◽  
Conditions Of Work

Contrary to the popular belief that women in factories are doing men's work, are the facts which are brought to light as the conditions of work when the factory system was established in the United States of America. It is incontestible that when the factory system was first established women were urged to go into factories. Men were engaged in agriculture and the "Friends of Industry" replied to those citizens who declared that manufactures would ruin agriculture that "not one fourth of the employees in manufacture were able-bodied men fit for famring." Economic gains were at first used as an arguement. Gallatin in 1831 "concluded that the surplus product obtained by the employment of owmen in a single cotton mill of 200 employees was $14,000 annually." Another writer in the "Boston Centinel" said "that machinery enables women and children who are unable to cultivate the earth to make us indepdent of foreign supplies." This entrance of women into factories was not a hardhsip because women had done much of the hard work of spinning and weaving in the homes, and later the famer's daughter had worked in the "manufcatures."

scholarly journals Natural(ly) men: masculinity and gendered anti-ageing practices in Finland and the USA

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANNA OJALA ◽  
TONI CALASANTI ◽  
NEAL KING ◽  
ILKKA PIETILÄ
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Aged People ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Global North ◽  
And Performance

ABSTRACTThe neo-liberal ideologies that point to individual responsibility for risks increasingly influence countries of the global North. The anti-ageing industry reflects this dictate and encourages middle-aged people to use their products and services to manage their ageing. However, given the negative connotations attached to the term ‘anti-ageing’, which is usually seen to focus on aesthetics and thus be a woman's concern, men may be likely to disavow being involved in such activities. The article uses interview data collected from men aged 42–70 from Finland and the United States of America to explore whether and how men adhere to the call to manage their ageing when such anti-ageing activities are seen to be potentially feminising. We find that these men reflected neo-liberalism in the sense that they felt that, although ageing cannot be prevented, it can be controlled. Also while they generally rejected anti-ageing products and services that they judged to affect aesthetics, they reported that they use those that they define as promoting health and performance instead. For them, masculinity is the instrumental focus on performance to the exclusion of beauty or attractiveness. Masculine anti-ageing bodily strategies must also be ‘natural’, involving hard work rather than the use of products, which they regard as never having been scientifically proven to enhance performance. Thus, in talk of their anti-ageing, men distance themselves from women.

scholarly journals A Compensatory Control Account of Meritocracy

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Goode ◽  
Lucas A. Keefer ◽  
Ludwin E. Molina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Compensatory Control ◽  
The Future ◽  
Economic Ideology ◽  
Insight Into

Why are people motivated to support social systems that claim to distribute resources based on hard work and effort, even when those systems seem unfair? Recent research on compensatory control shows that lowered perceptions of personal control motivate a greater endorsement of external systems (e.g., God, government) that compensate for a lack of personal control. The present studies demonstrate that U.S. citizens’ faith in a popular economic ideology, namely the belief that hard work guarantees success (i.e., meritocracy), similarly increases under conditions of decreased personal control. We found that a threat to personal control increased participants’ endorsement of meritocracy (Studies 1 and 2). Additionally, lowered perceptions of control led to increased feelings of anxiety regarding the future, but the subsequent endorsement of (Study 2) or exposure to (Study 3) meritocracy attenuated this effect. While the compensatory use of meritocracy may be a phenomenon unique to the United States of America, these studies provide important insight into the appeal and persistence of ideologies in general.

scholarly journals Acts of genocide and international law

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Stefan Kirchner ◽  
Doly P. Orozco López
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
Central America ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Treaty Law ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Jus Cogens

In addition to the loss of over 200,000 lives due to the COVID-19 pandemic, racist violence, riots, wildfires, storms and political controversies in an election year, the United States of America might now also see acts of genocide. If recent reports are confirmed, multiple acts of genocide have been committed against migrants from Central America, targeting in particular women and children. This text outlines the elements which define the crime of genocide under international law and explains the special, jus cogens, status the prohibition of genocide has under both international treaty law and customary international law. It includes a call for further investigations, pursuant to the obligation of all States to combat genocide.

A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNET GOVERNANCE – RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-204
Author(s):  
MARTA MITROVIĆ ◽  
TATJANA VULIĆ
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Internet Governance ◽  
Popular Belief

The Internet is a space that, contrary to its primary efforts, has not managed to escape regulation. Also, the question Can the Internet be controlled? has been replaced by the question In what way is the Internet governed?, because the possibility of control has already been confirmed. Contrary to popular belief that only authoritarian regimes use control mechanisms, even the restrictive ones, liberal countries also have the same possibilities of control and often apply them, although in a more sophisticated way. The aim of this paper is to compare internet governance in Russia, as the representative of the authoritarian regime, to the United States of America, as the representative of the liberal system, and answer the question: What are the differences in internet governance between authoritarian and liberal regimes?

An analysis of tidal strain observations from the United States of America: I. The laterally homogeneous tide

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1613-1629
Author(s):  
Christopher Beaumont ◽  
Jon Berger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Ocean Tide ◽  
Earth Model ◽  
Ocean Tide Loading ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Love Numbers ◽  
Tidal Loading

abstract Tidal strain observations from seven observatories in the continental United States have been analyzed and the results compared with the tide predicted for a radially stratified earth model. Included in the predicted tide are the effects of ocean-tide loading for all of the major oceans. We find that on average the load strains contribute 44 per cent of the total M2 tidal strain and 13 per cent of the total O1 tidal strain. The differences between the predictions of the radially stratified earth model and the observations are significant. We conclude that: (1) Love numbers deduced from most strain observations are not representative of average earth properties. (2) The phase of the areal strain is neither independent of the tidal loading nor of the local geological structure. Hence, to use such phase observations as a measure of the anelastic properties of the Earth is incorrect.

scholarly journals Art and Freedom

1970 ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Rose Ghurayyib
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
South Asian ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
Women And Children

History tells us that slavery existed from early times in ancient Mesopotamia, Pharaonic Egypt, ancient Greece and other cradles of civilization. It continued throughout the Middle Ages and the modem period, during which it diminished, beginning in the United States of America with the Civil War (1861-1865) that abolished black slavery. Although the efforts of the United Nations has somewhat succeeded in eradicating this evil in other parts of the world, slavery continues to exist in a variety of forms such as the trafficking of women and children in Thailand, India, south Asian and other countries in the world.

scholarly journals The importance of wilderness landscape Analysis in development planning schemes for national parks, with special reference to the Mountain Zebra National Park

Koedoe ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Van Riet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
National Parks ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
National Park ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Wilderness Act ◽  
Definition Of

Definition of the Concept "Wilderness"The Wilderness Act of September 1964, of the United States of America, states that "... wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognised as an area where the earth and its community of life are not influenced by man and where man himself is a visitor who does not remain55 (Nash 1967). The Act also states that a wilderness "... must retain its primeval character and influence and that it must be protected and managed in such a way that it appears to have been effected primarily by the forces of nature.”

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