scholarly journals Embryology of the Female Genital System

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
Mariana Rojas ◽  
Ruth Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital System ◽  
Genital Tubercle ◽  
Female Genital ◽  
Male Genital

Until the seventh week of human embryonic development of both sexes have very similar primordia of genitalia represented by two undifferentiated gonads two mesonephric ducts, which originate the male genital tract and two paramesonephric ducts develop the female genital tract. Genital tubercle, two labiouretrales folds and two labioscrotal folds: Externally the same basic elements that are distinguished in both sexes. From SRY gene expression that occurs during the eighth week a series of morphophysiological events leading establishing a clear sexual dimorphism starts. If the resulting gonad is a testis produced hormones induce masculinization of internal and external genitalia, as well as outline the breast. However, if an ovary is formed or not formed gonads, internal and external genitalia develop in female sense. Genetic sex is not always related to the differentiation of external genitalia or genital tract that is why we consider separately each. This article explores the morphological differentiation into male and female connection, as well as the molecular regulation of the gonads, genital tract and external genitalia.

XX.—Studies on Reproduction in the Albino Mouse. III. The Duration of Life of Spermatozoa in the Female Reproductive Tract

1940 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 207-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Merton
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Exact Data ◽  
Female Genital ◽  
Male Genital

The method of artificial insemination in the mouse, which has been used successfully only once previously (Mark and Long, 1911), has made it possible to collect exact data on the duration of life and the fertilising capacity of spermatozoa in the female genital tract. Earlier results concerning the conditions under which spermatozoa from the male genital tract attain their maximum activity (Merton, II) and the exact knowledge of the time of parturition (Merton, I) were helpful in carrying out artificial insemination during the following œstrous period.

Surgical diseases of the female genital tract 2. Vagina and external genitalia

In Practice ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mickey Tivers ◽  
Stephen Baines
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Female Genital

Significance of Barteroides Ureolyticus in the Lower Genital Tract

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
P D Woolley ◽  
G R Kinghorn ◽  
K W Bennett ◽  
A Eley
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Lower Genital Tract ◽  
Differential Medium ◽  
Local Family ◽  
Asymptomatic Women ◽  
Asymptomatic Men ◽  
Female Genital ◽  
Male Genital

In a study to determine the significance of Bacteroides ureolyticus in the lower urogenital tract using a new selective and differential medium, this organism was isolated from 30.1% of asymptomatic men, 37.8% of men with genital warts, and 26.3% of men with non-gonococcal urethritis. Using the same selective medium B. ureolyticus was isolated from 49% of women attending the same genitourinary clinic with symptoms of vaginal discharge and/or pruritis vulvae, 44.1% of asymptomatic women, and 50% of asymptomatic women attending a local family planning clinic. Furthermore, this organism was isolated from 27.1% of women whose vaginal specimens isolated commensal organisms only, 43.2% with C. albicans, 59.4% with U. urealyticum, 74.4% with M. hominis, and 76.8% with G. vaginalis. On testing with the API ATB 32A test strips, 86% of the positive isolates of B. ureolyticus from the female genital tract were indistinguishable from those isolated from the male genital tract indicating that this organism is common to the lower genital tract of both sexes. These results indicate that B. ureolyticus is a commensal in the lower genital tract.

scholarly journals Interaction of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E with male genital tract epithelium results in secretion of proinflammatory cytokines

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 1025-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najwa Al-Mously ◽  
Adrian Eley
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Male Genital Tract ◽  
Prostate Epithelial Cells ◽  
Male Genital

Although much has been reported on the in vitro interaction of Chlamydia trachomatis with cells derived from the female genital tract, little is known of its interaction with male genital tract epithelium. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of C. trachomatis serovar E on immortalized normal human urethral epithelial cells and on immortalized normal adult human prostate epithelial cells with regard to chlamydial growth and secretion of cytokines. After infection, these epithelial cells were assessed for their support of chlamydial growth in comparison with HeLa cells, and cytokine levels in cell culture supernatants were determined by ELISA. Although the male-derived epithelial cells supported growth of chlamydiae, the best growth was seen in HeLa cells. In contrast to prostate epithelial cells, the urethral epithelial cells released much larger quantities of interleukin 1α (IL-1α) following infection, whereas both IL-6 and IL-8 were produced in larger quantities by infected prostate cells. At 7 days post-infection, HeLa cells consistently produced large quantities of all three cytokines. In conclusion, the male-derived cell lines were shown to support the invasion of C. trachomatis and initiate a proinflammatory response to infection. From in vitro studies the suggestion that high levels of IL-6 could be a possible marker for chlamydial prostatitis is confirmed. Although not as marked a change, it is also suggested that higher IL-8 levels could be associated more with infection of the prostate than the urethra. Differential cytokine production by different male-derived epithelial cells could help determine the site of chlamydial infection and help in the study of pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Enterobiasis caused changes in the mucous and skin of female genital tract

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2 (70)) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. O. Skliarova ◽  
K. I. Bodnia
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Local Reaction ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Vaginal Mucosa ◽  
Enterobius Vermicularis ◽  
Perianal Area ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Female Genital

The paper presents the changes in the skin of the external genitalia and perianal area, as well as in the mucous caused by enterobiasis. Enterobius vermicularis infestation has been identified in 60 % of patients with changes in the skin and mucous membranes. The influence of mature pinworms and their eggs on the vulva, causes a local reaction, which is accompanied by itching, discomfort, swelling, change in consistency and color of vaginal discharge. Only in 30 % of infected patients the complaint "night itch" was noted. Colposcopy changes of the vaginal mucosa and cervix have been detected in all women with enterobiasis.

scholarly journals Uterine Malformations: Diagnosis with 3D/4D Ultrasound

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Caballero ◽  
Francisco Bonilla ◽  
Fernando Bonilla-Musoles ◽  
Noemi Martin ◽  
Mari Pepa Esquembre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Obstet Gynecol ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Genital System ◽  
4D Ultrasound ◽  
Female Genital System ◽  
Uterine Malformations ◽  
Female Genital

ABSTRACT The development of the female genital system is a complex embryological process. Congenital malformations of the female genital tract may occur isolated or in combination with urologic defects. The aim of this review is to describe novel ultrasonographic advances to improve diagnostic accuracy of Müllerian malformations and to facilitate decisions about treatment and prognosis. How to cite this article Bonilla-Musoles F, Martin N, Esquembre MP, Caballero O, Castillo JC, Bonilla F Jr, Raga F, Machado L. Uterine Malformations: Diagnosis with 3D/4D Ultrasound. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;9(2):123-148.

Remarks on the type species of Rhigonema Cobb, 1898 (Rhigonematoidea: Rhigonematidae) and Heth Cobb, 1898 (Ransomnematoidea: Hethidae)

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-375
Author(s):  
David J. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Genital System ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Female Genital System ◽  
General Work ◽  
Female Genital

Additional information onRhigonema brevicollum, the type of the genusRhigonema, and onHethjuli, the type of the genusHeth, is presented based on original, hitherto unpublished, descriptions held in the Cobb Archive at the USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA. Both species were originally published as small annotated illustrations in a general work, although the promised full descriptions were never published by Cobb. The genusRhigonemais shown to be based on a species lacking a vaginal diverticulum in the female genital system, but having a long, Type 2, ovejector. The genusDudekemia, originally differentiated fromRhigonemaon an assumed (and erroneous) difference in female genital tract form, is confirmed as a junior synonym ofRhigonema. A full description of both sexes ofHethjuliis also provided, again based on Cobb’s original notes, thereby defining the type species with greater precision than was previously possible.

EFFECT OF HIGH DOSES OF OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON THE NORADRENALINE CONTENT OF THE SHORT ADRENERGIC NEURONS INNERVATING THE MALE GENITAL TRACT OF THE RAT

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. Owman ◽  
N.-O. Sjöberg ◽  
N. O. Sjöstrand ◽  
G. Swedin
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Adrenergic Neurons ◽  
Short Adrenergic Neurons ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Male Genital

ABSTRACT The effect of prolonged treatment with high doses of oestrogen and/or progesterone on the amount of adrenergic transmitter in the short adrenergic neurons of the male reproductive tract of castrated rats has been studied by chemical determinations and histochemical demonstration of noradrenaline. Oestrogen, progesterone, or a combination of both, had no overt effect on the total content or on the concentration of noradrenaline in the male genital organs. The results are discussed in the light of recent findings that the content of the noradrenaline transmitter in the short adrenergic neurons to the female genital tract is markedly influenced by these female sex hormones.

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