Islam in the Crimea: national and religious self-identification of the Crimean Tatars

1998 ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
E. E. Boytsova
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Crimean Tatar

Located at the junction of trade routes between Prichernomorje and the Mediterranean, Crimea has always been in the sphere of ethnomigratory processes. Therefore, it is natural that the elements of the Scythian, Greek, Gothic, Hun, Khazar, Kypchak and Turkomyslian cultures influenced the formation of the spiritual and material culture of the Crimean Tatar people. The variety of ethnoses that have changed continuously over the centuries has been reflected in the dialectal structure of the Crimean Tatar language that exists up to the present time.

Diachronic trends in the evolution of civilizations in the Nile valley

2018 ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
Элеонора Кормышева ◽  
Eleonora Kormysheva
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Social History ◽  
Contact Zone ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The Mediterranean

The diachronic trends in socio-economic and cultural development of the societies in the Nile valley are revealed based on the materials from Giza necropolis (the 3rd millennium BC) and the settlement of Abu Erteila (1st century AD). The research made it possible to trace the typological similarities in the evolution of the studied societies in cultural and historical contexts. The main fields of the research were epigraphy, iconography, social history, and material culture. Many previously unknown monuments discovered by Russian archaeologists in Egypt and Sudan were introduced into scientific discourse. The basis was created for studying the Nile valley as a contact zone between the Mediterranean world and Africa.

The Colonisation of Scotland in the Second Millennium B.C.

1951 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Scott
Keyword(s):  
Trade Routes ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
Northwest Europe ◽  
The Mediterranean

The settlements in Western Britain and Ireland which are earliest known to us from the chamber tombs have been ascribed to movements up Atlantic trade routes from the Mediterranean before the middle of the 2nd millennium. Such movements at so early a date must be conceded to be surprising; but the broad case for believing in them is a cogent one, and earlier suggestions that the chamber tomb cult implied only missionary settlers, or even that the cult was transmitted without movement of population at all, have rightly been discarded. None the less it is far from easy to visualise precisely the processes of settlement and trade, and the thesis has hardly yet been critically tested. It is the purpose of this paper to attempt as precise an account as can be given of the settlements established in Scotland in the 2nd millennium, and of the trade which these settlements developed. As a preliminary, attention will be called to certain conditions of primitive trade, settlement and transport as a help in judging the conditions likely to have applied in Northwest Europe in the 2nd millennium. Since the level of culture to be inferred for the early settlements is one of the questions which this paper must discuss, these considerations can be no more than suggestive, yet they should at least help to free us from presumptions which we might otherwise too readily import from the conditions of trade, settlement and transport with which we are immediately familiar.

Non-Urban Societies of the Crimea and Their Response to Changes in the External World

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-82
Author(s):  
Valentina I. Mordvintseva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
External World ◽  
Time Span ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Sphere ◽  
Social Elites ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Long Time ◽  
External Relationships

Abstract The paper presents a comparative analysis of burial assemblages of ‘barbarian’ élites located on the territory of the Crimea between Chersonesos Taurica and the Bosporan kingdom dating from the 3rd century BC to the mid-3rd century AD. The main goal of the research is to define indications of self-identities of the Crimean non-urban societies represented by their élites and to outline their networking inside and outside the peninsula as well as their changes during four chronological periods. The research is based on the precondition that networking in the political sphere is closely connected to the exchange of symbols of power and status. In material culture, such symbols might be represented by the so-called ‘prestige objects’. Changes in the assortment of these items observed over a long time-span are helping to visualize the development of internal and external relationships of social élites.

Mycenaean civilization

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
The Mediterranean

Mycenaean civilization takes its name from the hilltop citadel of Mycenae in the Argolid, celebrated in Homer’s epics as “rich in gold” and the capital of Agamemnon. In 1876, Heinrich Schliemann, fresh from his excavations at Troy, which in his view had established the historical reality of the Greeks’ legendary siege and sack of that city, unearthed five astonishingly rich tombs at Mycenae and claimed them to contain the burials of Agamemnon and his followers, thus inaugurating the study of Greece’s Late Bronze Age (LBA) past. One and a half centuries of subsequent fieldwork have exposed the remains of hundreds of settlements and thousands of tombs characterized by the distinctive material culture termed Mycenaean that flourished for over six centuries (c. 1700–1050 bce). This lengthy duration of the mainland Greek LBA (better known as the Late Helladic [LH] or Mycenaean era) is conventionally subdivided into three major stages of development: pre-palatial or early Mycenaean (LH I–IIB; c. 1700–1425/1400 bce); palatial (LH IIIA1–LH IIIB2; c. 1425/1400–1200/1190 bce); and post-palatial (LH IIIC; c. 1200/1190–1050 bce). The regions within which Mycenaean material culture was dominant changed significantly as a function of time, as did the culture’s external contacts within the Mediterranean world and continental Europe.

scholarly journals Symbolic meaning and use of broad beans in traditional foods of the Mediterranean Basin and the Middle East

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Pasqualone ◽  
Ali Abdallah ◽  
Carmine Summo
Keyword(s):  
Broad Bean ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Broad Beans ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract Broad beans (Vicia faba L.) are rarely consumed in Northern Europe and in the USA, whereas they are constantly present in the culinary habits of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries. This grain legume is characterized by interesting nutritional properties because of high levels of complex carbohydrates, proteins, and dietary fiber, coupled with a low content of saturated lipids and the presence of several bioactive compounds. However, broad beans are much more than a cheap source of nutrients. Among the oldest domesticated legumes, they have also a cultural value linked to an ancient symbolic meaning. Generally associated with funerary rituals, broad beans have also a positive significance being “dead” seeds with a regenerative capacity. This review focuses on the social symbolism of broad bean consumption and its associated rituals. Furthermore, the culinary habits related to this legume are analyzed along different Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries, from Egypt to Iran. Soups, thick gruels, and purees were found to be by far the most common culinary preparations. Using the Egyptian ful medames as a model, the study highlights a link between broad bean–based dishes in different countries, which arises from similar environmental conditions and from cultural interactions along trade routes. Enhancing the knowledge of these ethnic legume-based foods could improve the diet of Western countries by increasing the consumption of legumes.

Trends in the Use of Perfumes and Incense in the Near East after the Muslim Conquests

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMAR ZOHAR ◽  
EFRAIM LEV
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
New Crops ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Level Of Importance

AbstractPerfumes have been known as utilizable but exclusive products since antiquity. Use of aromatic substances was first mentioned in archaic sources of the ancient world. The origin of such fragrant substances was mainly vegetable and animal. Throughout history, the use of subtle perfumes increased and some of the exotic materials became expensive and valuable commodities. They were the source of wealth for cultures and rulers. The contribution of the Arabs to the distribution of new crops, knowledge, industrial techniques and substances is a well-known phenomenon. In our article we intend to focus on the new perfumes that were distributed throughout the world thanks to the Arab conquests and the knowledge of their other uses, mainly medicinal, that was handed down along with the products themselves. About 20 common perfumes are known to have been used in the medieval world, though half of them were not mentioned in earlier sources.These phenomena will be dealt with and presented in a profile we built up for four perfumes: agarwood, camphor, musk and ambergris. The theoretical and practical uses of these perfumes that are presented in detail (based on various sources including traders’ documents, medical literature and practical Genizah fragments, dealing mainly with medicine) will serve as case studies for the understanding of new trends in the uses of perfumes after the Muslim conquest. Arab perfumes can be divided into three groups, according to their level of importance:A. New perfumes, mainly from the vast region named “India”; most of which (such as camphor, ambergris and sandalwood and a compound made out of them known as nadd and ghāliya) were not known in the Middle East and the Mediterranean region until the Muslim conquests.B. Perfumes that kept their popularity including: a variety of cinnamon, costus, spikenard, frankincense, saffron and rose.C. Perfumes that lost their worth like balsam and myrrh.It seems that camphor was the best and most cherished perfume that substituted balsam. Like balsam, the importance of myrrh that was imported from Arabia and East Africa also declined and it seems that its substitute was musk. Transformations in perfume fashion were in fact only part of a wider revolution of the Arabic material culture which the Middle East, the Mediterranean region and even many European countries experienced due to the Arab conquests.

Dragon and Eagle: A Comparison of the Roman and Chinese Empires

1961 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
S. A. M. Adshead
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Chinese Empire ◽  
Stability Of Structure

In this paper I want to compare the history and structure of the Roman and Chinese empires and in particular to point out some striking contrasts between them.. We may talk about “the Chinese and the Roman empires” and use the same word “empire” to describe them both. Are we, however, justified in so doing? The thesis of this paper is that although the Chinese and Roman empires had a number of superficial characteristics in common, they were really quite different kinds of institutions or sets of institutions, and were based on quite different sorts of society. There are two fundamental contrasts between the Roman and the Chinese empires. Firstly, the Roman empire was maritime, mercantile, urban and militaristic. It was based on the Mediterranean and the unity of the trade routes, crisscrossing the Mediterranean and spilling out into the black Sea. The Chinese empire, on the other hand, was territorial, agricultural, rural and civilian. It was based on the river valleys of the Hwang Ho and Yangtse and on the unity of agricultural techniques over this area. Secondly, the Roman empire was socially unharmonious, was torn by class conflict, and was highly unstable. The Chinese empire, on the other hand, was socially harmonious, had no irreconcilable class conflicts and was highly stable. Unless these two contrasts, of structure and stability of structure, are recognised, the use of the same word “empire” to describe both China and Rome is misleading in the extreme.

A CASE OF BENIGN IMPERIAL NEGLECT AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Blenkinsopp
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The Mediterranean

AbstractEdomites were already well established in the Judean Negev before the Babylonian conquest, and archaeological evidence suggests that they profited by the disturbances of those years (597-582 bce) to infiltrate much of the province south of Jerusalem. After the collapse of the Neo-Babylonian empire, the interest of the Persians in the region was restricted to protecting the trade routes along the Mediterranean coast and the Transjordanian plateau and the approaches to Egypt. They also had no interest in sponsoring the return of deported Judaeans to the region. Once it became clear that there would be no intervention from distant Susa, the pace of Edomite colonisation quickened, a semi-deserted Jerusalem was occupied, and a sanctuary to the supreme Edomite deity Qôs (Qaus) arose on the site of the destroyed Yahweh temple. This ruled out the possibility of repatriation, and Judaism developed as a scattering of ritually segregated enclaves in different countries in line with other religions in late antiquity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document