scholarly journals Planned Challenge Agent Exposure Frequency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Frequency

The effects of emotional context and exposure frequency on L2 contextual word learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110165
Author(s):  
Sijia Hao ◽  
Lijuan Liang ◽  
Jue Wang ◽  
Huanhuan Liu ◽  
Baoguo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Test ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Neutral Context ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Exposure Frequency ◽  
Form Recognition

Objectives: An experiment was conducted to explore how emotional valence of contexts and exposure frequency of novel words affect second language (L2) contextual word learning. Methodology: Chinese native speakers who learned English in a formal classroom setting were asked to read English paragraphs with different emotional valence (positive, negative or neutral) across five different days. These paragraphs were embedded with pseudowords. During this learning process, form recognition test and meaning recall test were carried out for these pseudowords. Data and analysis: Data were analyzed using mixed-model ANOVA. Accuracy for each task was compared among the three kinds of emotional contexts. Findings/Conclusions: In the form recognition test, the accuracy in the negative context was higher than in the positive and neutral contexts, and the pseudowords were acquired much earlier. In the meaning recall test, the accuracy in the positive and negative contexts was higher than that in the neutral context. Accuracy increased gradually with the increase of exposure frequency of the pseudowords. More importantly, we found that less exposure times were needed for emotional context relative to neutral context in contextual word learning. Originality: This may be the first study to explore the influence of emotional valence and exposure frequency on L2 contextual word learning. Significance/Implications: This study underlined the importance of emotional information in L2 contextual word learning and contributed to the understanding of how emotional information and exposure frequency functions in this learning process.

scholarly journals Are There Seasonal Variations in Faecal Contamination of Exposure Pathways? An Assessment in a Low–Income Settlement in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6355
Author(s):  
Patrick Ronoh ◽  
Claire Furlong ◽  
Frank Kansiime ◽  
Richard Mugambe ◽  
Damir Brdjanovic
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Street Food ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Exposure Frequency ◽  
Exposure Pathways

Sanitation infrastructure are not able to cope with the increasing population in low-income countries, which leaves populations exposed to faecal contamination from multiple pathways. This study evaluated public health risk (using SaniPath) in a low-income community during the dry season, to identify the dominant exposure pathways, and compare this data to existing data for the rainy season, questioning the assumption that risk of faecal contamination is higher in the rainy season. SaniPath was used to collect and assess exposure and environmental data, and to generate risk profiles for each pathway. In the dry season the highest exposure frequency was for bathing and street food, exposure frequency generally increased, and seasonal variation was found in five pathways. The highest hazards in the dry season were through contact with drains, soil, and street food. Seasonal variation was found in the contamination of open drains and street food, with higher levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the dry season. Open drains were identified as the most dominant risk pathway in both seasons, but risk was higher in the dry season. This highlights the complex nature of seasonal variation of faecal risk, and questions the assumption that risk is higher in the rainy season.

Neural correlates of auditory fatigue: frequency-dependent changes in activity of single cochlear nerve fibers

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Lonsbury-Martin ◽  
M. B. Meikle
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Cochlear Nerve ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Exposure Frequency ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Elevated Activity ◽  
Resting Activity ◽  
Auditory Fatigue

1. These experiments were designed to test whether intense pure tones produced greater depression of cochlear nerve fibers tuned to the exposure frequency or of those tuned to frequencies above the exposure frequency. Spike discharges of single fibers were studied in anesthetized cats before, during, and after exposures lasting 1 min. Exposure frequency was varied relative to each fiber's characteristic frequency (CF), and was either at the CF or 1/2 octave above (+1/2 oct) or 1/2 octave below (-1/2 oct) the CF. Exposure levels were 85 or 90 dB SPL. Effects of the various exposures on driven discharge rates were evaluated using standard test stimuli at each fiber's CF. In addition, nonevoked discharges were measured during the brief quiet intervals between test stimuli ("interstimulus activity") as well as during extended quiet periods ("resting activity"). Major results were as follows: 2. All the exposures resulted in depression of the driven discharge rates; however, these effects were strongly dependent on the exposure frequency. The depression was greatest and endured the longest following -1/2 oct exposures at 90 dB. The CF exposures at 85 and 90 dB were much less depressant, as were exposures at -1/2 oct at 85 dB; these three exposures resulted in very similar recovery functions. The +1/2 oct exposures produced little or no depression, whether at 85 or 90 dB. 3. Interstimulus activity was depressed immediately following all exposures, but recovered to normal quickly than did driven discharge rates. Following exposures at -1/2 oct at 90 dB, recovery was non-monotonic in that an extended period of supernormality preceded the return to normal rates. During this period of elevated activity, the interstimulus activity approached but never exceeded the resting rate of the same fiber. 4. Resting activity recovered even more rapidly than interstimulus activity, being completely normal by 1 min following all exposures. 5. These results constitute the first demonstration that the CF is not necessarily the most depressant exposure frequency for a given cochlear nerve fiber. Further, the results imply that the half-octave (or greater) shifts of the point of maximum hearing loss, so characteristic of auditory fatigue, may be accounted for by frequency-dependent alterations in the responsiveness of cochlear nerve fibers.

Eigenmode Prediction of High RF Exposure Frequency Region Inside Vehicles

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Garrido Lopez ◽  
Maxim Ignatenko ◽  
Dejan S. Filipovic
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Region ◽  
Exposure Frequency ◽  
Rf Exposure

Rating the similarity of simple perceptual stimuli: asymmetries induced by manipulating exposure frequency

Cognition ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. B75-B88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thad A Polk ◽  
Charles Behensky ◽  
Richard Gonzalez ◽  
Edward E Smith
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Frequency

Influence of affect on exposure-frequency estimates.

1973 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold B. Gerard ◽  
Duane Green ◽  
Michael Hoyt ◽  
Edward S. Conolley
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Frequency
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