Improved Dynamic Magnetostriction measurement method based on M-EMAT for the characterization of residual strain

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 299-306
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Tetsuya Uchimoto ◽  
Bin Wu ◽  
Toshiyuki Takagi ◽  
Benjamin Ducharne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Strain ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Shear Waves ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer ◽  
Residual Strains ◽  
Force Mechanism ◽  
Magnetostriction Coefficient

The Dynamic Magnetostriction (DM) measurement method as a nondestructive testing method of ferromagnetic materials, measures the DM curve using electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) to characterize material and predict the mechanical properties. Lorentz forces and magnetostriction forces contribute mainly to the ultrasonic generation. Only the range of low field, in which the magnetostriction force mechanism is predominant can be used to measure the DM curve, but the boundaries of this range are uncertain. The improved DM measurement method based on shear wave Magnetostriction EMAT (M-EMAT) is proposed and the theory of generation of shear waves is derived. For the M-EMAT, only magnetostriction force mechanism contributed to the generation of shear waves. A theoretical model for the optimization of the transducer is developed, the model is in good agreement with the experimental results. The microstructure changes caused by residual strain will affect the magnetostriction coefficient and the DM curve. Therefore, the DM curves of low carbon steel specimens with different levels of residual strains are measured by the optimized transducer to characterize the residual strain. The normalized results demonstrate that the slope of the DM curve obviously changes with the residual strain. This leads to the conclusion that the DM measurement method can be used to characterize the residual strain of the low carbon steels.

Effect of Soaking Time on Paste Carburizing of Carburized Low Carbon Steel

2017 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hafizuddin Jumadin ◽  
Bulan Abdullah ◽  
Muhammad Hussain Ismail ◽  
Siti Khadijah Alias ◽  
Samsiah Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Case Depth ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Carburized Steel ◽  
Carburizing Process

Increase of soaking time contributed to the effectiveness of case depth formation, hardness properties and carbon content of carburized steel. This paper investigates the effect of different soaking time (7-9 hours) using powder and paste compound to the carburized steel. Low carbon steels were carburized using powder and paste compound for 7, 8 and 9 hours at temperature 1000°C. The transformation of microstructure and formation carbon rich layer was observed under microscope. The microhardness profiles were analyzed to investigate the length of case depth produced after the carburizing process. The increment of carbon content was considered to find the correlation between types of carburizing compound with time. Results shows that the longer carburized steel was soaked, the higher potential in formation of carbon rich layer, case depth and carbon content, which led to better hardness properties for carburized low carbon steel. Longer soaking time, 9 hours has a higher dispersion of carbon up to 41%-51% compare to 8 hours and 7 hours. By using paste carburizing, it has more potential of carbon atom to merge the microstructure to transform into cementite (1.53 wt% C) compare to powder (0.97 wt% C), which increases the hardness of carburized steel (13% higher).

Predicting the Effects of Cold Working on the Machining Characteristics of Low Carbon Steels

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Kopalinsky ◽  
P. L. B. Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Flow Stress ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Steel Work ◽  
Machining Characteristics

Experiments show that the cold working of low carbon steel work materials can improve their machinability by reducing cutting forces and improving surface finish and tool life. The somewhat paradoxical result of reducing cutting forces by cold working a material so that its hardness is increased is explained in this paper by using a machining theory which takes account of the flow stress properties of the work material and can thus allow for the effects of cold working.

Effect of Ti, Al and Mg Addition on the Impact Toughness of Heat Affected Zone in Low Carbon Steel

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 143-146
Author(s):  
Jiang Hua Ma ◽  
Dong Ping Zhan ◽  
Zhou Hua Jiang ◽  
Ji Cheng He
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Welding Simulation ◽  
Mg Addition ◽  
The Impact

In order to understand the effects of deoxidizer such as aluminium, titanium and magnesium on the impact toughness of heat affected zone (HAZ), three low carbon steels deoxidized by Ti-Al, Mg and Ti-Mg were obtained. After smelting, forging, rolling and welding simulation, the effects of Al, Ti and Mg addition on the impact toughness of HAZ in low carbon steel were studied. The inclusion characteristics (size, morphology and chemistry) of samples before welding and the fracture pattern of the specimens after the Charpy-type test were respectively analyzed using optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The following results were found. The density of inclusion in Ti-Mg deoxidized steel is bigger than Ti-Al deoxidized steel. The average diameter is decreased for the former than the latter. The addition of Ti-Mg can enhance the impact toughness of the HAZ after welding simulation. The maximal value of the impact toughness is 66.5J/cm2. The complex particles of MgO-TiOx-SiO2-MnS are most benefit to enhance impact toughness. The improvement of HAZ is attributable to the role of particle pinning and the formation of intergranular ferrite.

High Temperature Corrosion of Al Hot-Dipped Low Carbon Steels in N2/H2S-Mixed Gases

2016 ◽  
Vol 369 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali Abro ◽  
Dong Bok Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Alloy Layer ◽  
High Temperature Corrosion ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Mixed Gas ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Mixed Gases

A low carbon steel was hot-dip aluminized, and corroded in the N2/0.4%H2S-mixed gas at 650-850°C for 20-50 h in order to find the effect of aluminizing on the high-temperature corrosion of the low carbon steel in the H2S environment. A thin Al topcoat and a thick Al-Fe alloy layer that consisted primarily of Al5Fe2 and some FeAl and Al3Fe formed on the surface after aluminizing. The corrosion rate increased with an increase in temperature. Hot-dip aluminizing increased the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel through forming a thin protective α-Al2O3 scale on the surface. The α-Al2O3 scale was susceptible to spallation. During corrosion, internal voids formed in the Al-Fe alloy layer, where the Al5Fe2, AlFe, and Al3Fe compounds gradually transformed through interdiffusion.

scholarly journals Cu Precipitation Behaviors and Microscopic Mechanical Characteristics of a Novel Ultra-Low Carbon Steel

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3571
Author(s):  
Mingxue Sun ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Tiewei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Vickers Hardness ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Precipitation Strengthening ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Cooling Rates ◽  
The Matrix

We studied the effect of Cu addition on the hardness of ultra-low carbon steels heat treated with different cooling rates using thermal simulation techniques. The microstructural evolution, Cu precipitation behaviors, variations of Vickers hardness and nano-hardness are comparatively studied for Cu-free and Cu-bearing steels. The microstructure transforms from ferritic structure to ferritic + bainitic structure as a function of cooling rate for the two steels. Interphase precipitation occurs in association with the formation of ferritic structure at slower cooling rates of 0.05 and 0.2 °C/s. Coarsening of Cu precipitates occurs at 0.05 °C/s, leading to lower precipitation strengthening. As the cooling rate increases to 0.2 °C/s, the interphase and dispersive precipitation strengthening effects are increased by 63.9 and 50.0 MPa, respectively. Cu precipitation is partially constrained at cooling rate of 5 °C/s, resulting in poor nano-hardness and Young’s Modulus. In comparison with Cu-free steel, the peak Vickers hardness, nano-hardness and Young’s Modulus are increased by 56 HV, 0.61 GPa and 55.5 GPa at a cooling rate of 0.2 °C/s, respectively. These values are apparently higher than those of Cu-free steel, indicating that Cu addition in steels can effectively strengthen the matrix.

Oriented Nucleation and Selective Growth during Secondary Recrystallization in Ultra Low Carbon Steels

2004 ◽  
Vol 467-470 ◽  
pp. 941-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Verbeken ◽  
Leo Kestens
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Texture Evolution ◽  
Secondary Recrystallization ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Primary Recrystallization ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Abnormal Grain Growth ◽  
Selective Growth ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Ultra Low Carbon Steel

After primary recrystallization, on further annealing, abnormal grain growth occurred in ultra low carbon steel. Texture evolution was studied by comparing the orientations after complete secondary recrystallization, with on one hand the nuclei for abnormal grain growth and on the other hand the selective growth products of the primary recrystallized matrix. The influence of both mechanisms could be identified in the final texture.

Deformation and Structure Difference of Steel Droplets during Initial Solidification

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jiaquan Zhang ◽  
Changgui Cheng ◽  
Zhi Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Continuous Casting ◽  
High Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Solidification Structure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Peritectic Steel ◽  
Initial Solidification

AbstractThe surface quality of slabs is closely related with the initial solidification at very first seconds of molten steel near meniscus in mold during continuous casting. The solidification, structure, and free deformation for given steels have been investigated in droplet experiments by aid of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope. It is observed that the appearances of solidified shells for high carbon steels and some hyper-peritectic steels with high carbon content show lamellar, while that for other steels show spherical. Convex is formed along the chilling direction for most steels, besides some occasions that concave is formed for high carbon steel at times. The deformation degree decreases gradually in order of hypo-peritectic steel, ultra-low carbon steel, hyper-peritectic steel, low carbon steel, and high carbon steel, which is consistent with the solidification shrinkage in macroscope during continuous casting. Additionally, the microstructure of solidified shell of hypo-peritectic steel is bainite, while that of hyper-peritectic steel is martensite.

Study of the Plastic Deformation in Nanocrystalline and Ultrafine Iron and Carbon Steels

2008 ◽  
Vol 584-586 ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Antonio Benito ◽  
Robert Tejedor ◽  
Rodriguez Rodríguez-Baracaldo ◽  
Jose María Cabrera ◽  
Jose Manuel Prado
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Grain Size Distributions

Samples of nanostructured and ultrafine grained steels with carbon content ranging from 0.05 to 0.55%wt. have been obtained by a warm consolidation process from mechanically milled powders and subsequent heat treatments. In general, homogeneous grain size distributions were obtained except for the low-carbon steel in which a bimodal grain size distribution was observed when it was heat treated at high temperatures. The stress-strain response has been studied by means of compression tests. Nanostructured materials showed high strength but poor results in terms of ductility. In the low-ultrafine range (mean grain size between 100-500 nm) the three materials showed an increase in the ductility with strain softening. Finally, when the average grain size was close to 1 µm samples showed larger ductility and strain hardening.

The Investigation on Wire Rod Materials of Low Carbon Steels and Extra Low Carbon Steels

2013 ◽  
Vol 690-693 ◽  
pp. 262-269
Author(s):  
Ho Hua Chung ◽  
Tsong Hsin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Titanium Nitrides ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Cold Forming ◽  
Low Carbon Steels ◽  
Wire Rod ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Micro Structures ◽  
Precipitation Phase

In this study, three kinds of rolled wire rod materials constantly used on screws and bolts are concerned. The relation among mechanical properties, phase ratios, micro-structures and grain sizes is investigated on the wire materials of low carbon steels and extra low carbon steels. Also the Electron Microscope and Energy Spectrum analysis are applied to distinguish the type of Precipitation phase. The results are shown that the precipitation phase of titanium nitrides and titanium carbides exist in the extra low carbon steel so that the hardness ratio of the wire materials with extra low carbons after cold forming is higher than that of the wire materials with low carbons for around 10%. In addition, The wire rod materials with course ferrite grains mainly added by titanium elements in extra low carbon steels could be made as the wire materials for cold processing and it still kept good ductility not necessary to be softened under heat treatment. So in the research of function comparisons, to save cost expenses through cold forming without annealing process is expected.

scholarly journals Corrosion inhibition and statistical data of low carbon steel in HCl media by admixed organic compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 2070 (1) ◽  
pp. 012149
Author(s):  
Roland Tolulope Loto ◽  
Cleophas Akintoye Loto ◽  
Richard Leramo ◽  
Babatunde Oyebade
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Corrosion Inhibition ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Inhibitor Concentration

Abstract Corrosion inhibition of carbon steels with organic compounds exhibiting effective corrosion inhibition is an on-going research. The corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel in 1M HCl solution by the combined admixture of vanillin and benzonitrile (VBN), and salvia officinalis with lavendulan officinalis (SLV) was studied by weight loss method. Results obtained show that VBN and SLV performed effectively with maximum inhibition efficiency 91.03% at 1.5% VBN concentration and 97.89% at 5% SLV concentration. The inhibition efficiency of VBN increased with concentration but decreased with exposure time compared to the values obtained for SLV which showed non-dependence on concentration and exposure time after 1% SLV concentration. Correlation plots of inhibition efficiency versus inhibitor concentration show VBN to be more concentration dependent in performance. Calculated data for standard deviation shows the degree of variation from mean values for both compounds is significant at low inhibitor concentration due to time dependence action. Statistical analysis through ANOVA shows inhibitor concentration overwhelmingly influences the inhibition performance of the despite even though exposure time is statistically relevant to minimal degree.

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