scholarly journals Clinical Manifestations of Punta Toro Virus Species Complex Infections, Panama, 2009

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 872-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan D. Gundacker ◽  
Jean-Paul Carrera ◽  
Marlene Castillo ◽  
Yamilka Díaz ◽  
Jose Valenzuela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Punta Toro Virus

scholarly journals Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: The species and its viruses – a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander E. Gorbalenya ◽  
Susan C. Baker ◽  
Ralph S. Baric ◽  
Raoul J. de Groot ◽  
Christian Drosten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Naming Convention ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractThe present outbreak of lower respiratory tract infections, including respiratory distress syndrome, is the third spillover, in only two decades, of an animal coronavirus to humans resulting in a major epidemic. Here, the Coronavirus Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, which is responsible for developing the official classification of viruses and taxa naming (taxonomy) of the Coronaviridae family, assessed the novelty of the human pathogen tentatively named 2019-nCoV. Based on phylogeny, taxonomy and established practice, the CSG formally recognizes this virus as a sister to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) of the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and designates it as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To facilitate communication, the CSG further proposes to use the following naming convention for individual isolates: SARS-CoV-2/Isolate/Host/Date/Location. The spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans remains to be determined. The independent zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for studying the entire (virus) species to complement research focused on individual pathogenic viruses of immediate significance. This research will improve our understanding of virus-host interactions in an ever-changing environment and enhance our preparedness for future outbreaks.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Salehabad virus species complex of the genus Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae)

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Palacios ◽  
Nazir Savji ◽  
Amelia Travassos da Rosa ◽  
Aaloki Desai ◽  
Maria Paz Sanchez-Seco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Genetic Relation ◽  
Antigenic Characterization

Genomic and antigenic characterization of the Salehabad virus, a species of the genus Phlebovirus, and four other unclassified phleboviruses (Arbia, Adria, Arumowot and Odrenisrou) demonstrate a serological and genetic relation to one another and are distinct from the eight other recognized species within the genus Phlebovirus. We propose to incorporate these four unclassified viruses as part of the Salehabad species complex within the genus. The known geographical distribution for the members of this species group includes southern Europe, Central Asia and Africa.

Surface, adhesiveness and virulence aspects of Candida haemulonii species complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 973-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia S Ramos ◽  
Simone S C Oliveira ◽  
Laura N Silva ◽  
Marcela Q Granato ◽  
Diego S Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cell Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Murine Macrophages ◽  
Candida Haemulonii

Abstract The emerging opportunistic pathogens comprising the Candida haemulonii complex (C. haemulonii [Ch], C. duobushaemulonii [Cd] and C. haemulonii var. vulnera[Chv]) are notable for their intrinsic antifungal resistance. Different clinical manifestations are associated with these fungal infections; however, little is known about their biology and potential virulence attributes. Herein, we evaluated some surface properties of 12 clinical isolates of Ch (n = 5), Cd (n = 4) and Chv (n = 3) as well as their virulence on murine macrophages and Galleria mellonella larvae. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of homogeneous populations among the species of the C. haemulonii complex, represented by oval yeasts with surface irregularities able to form aggregates. Cell surface hydrophobicity was isolate-specific, exhibiting high (16.7%), moderate (25.0%) and low (58.3%) hydrophobicity. The isolates had negative surface charge, except for one. Mannose/glucose- and N-acetylglucosamine-containing glycoconjugates were evidenced in considerable amounts in all isolates; however, the surface expression of sialic acid was poorly detected. Cd isolates presented significantly higher amounts of chitin than Ch and Chv. Membrane sterol and lipid bodies, containing neutral lipids, were quite similar among all fungi studied. All isolates adhered to inert surfaces in the order: polystyrene > poly-L-lysine-coated glass > glass. Likewise, they interacted with murine macrophages in a quite similar way. Regarding in vivo virulence, the C. haemulonii species complex were able to kill at least 80% of the larvae after 120 hours. Our results evidenced the ability of C. haemulonii complex to produce potential surface-related virulence attributes, key components that actively participate in the infection process described in Candida spp.

scholarly journals Interspecies recombination has driven the macroevolution of cassava mosaic begomoviruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin Crespo-Bellido ◽  
J. Steen Hoyer ◽  
Divya Dubey ◽  
Ronica B. Jeannot ◽  
Siobain Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Genetic Exchange ◽  
Phylogenetic Networks ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Bipartite Begomovirus ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Interspecies Recombination

Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae , genus Begomovirus ) significantly hamper crop production and threaten food security around the world. The frequent emergence of new begomovirus genotypes is facilitated by high mutation frequencies and the propensity to recombine and reassort. Homologous recombination has been especially implicated in the emergence of novel cassava mosaic begomovirus (CMB) genotypes, which cause cassava mosaic disease (CMD). Cassava ( Manihot esculenta ) is a staple food crop throughout Africa, and an important industrial crop in Asia, two continents where production is severely constrained by CMD. The CMD species complex is comprised of 11 bipartite begomovirus species with ample distribution throughout Africa and the Indian subcontinent. While recombination is regarded as a frequent occurrence for CMBs, a revised, systematic assessment of recombination and its impact on CMB phylogeny is currently lacking. We assembled data sets of all publicly available, full-length DNA-A (n=880) and DNA-B (n=369) nucleotide sequences from the 11 recognized CMB species. Phylogenetic networks and complementary recombination detection methods revealed extensive recombination among the CMB sequences. Six out of the eleven species have descended from unique interspecies recombination events. Estimates of recombination and mutation rates revealed that all species experience mutation more frequently than recombination, but measures of population divergence indicate that recombination is largely responsible for the genetic differences between species. Our results support that recombination has significantly impacted the CMB phylogeny and has driven speciation in the CMD species complex. IMPORTANCE Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is a significant threat to cassava production throughout Africa and Asia. CMD is caused by a complex comprised of 11 recognized virus species exhibiting accelerated rates of evolution, driven by high frequencies of mutation and genetic exchange. Here, we present a systematic analysis of the contribution of genetic exchange to cassava mosaic virus species-level diversity. Most of these species emerged as a result of genetic exchange. This is the first study to report the significant impact of genetic exchange on speciation in a group of viruses.

scholarly journals Begomovirus ‘melting pot’ in the south-west Indian Ocean islands: molecular diversity and evolution through recombination

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 3458-3468 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lefeuvre ◽  
D. P. Martin ◽  
M. Hoareau ◽  
F. Naze ◽  
H. Delatte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
West Indian ◽  
Begomovirus Species ◽  
Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
The South ◽  
South West Indian Ocean ◽  
South West ◽  
West Indian Ocean

During the last few decades, many virus species have emerged, often forming dynamic complexes within which viruses share common hosts and rampantly exchange genetic material through recombination. Begomovirus species complexes are common and represent serious agricultural threats. Characterization of species complex diversity has substantially contributed to our understanding of both begomovirus evolution, and the ecological and epidemiological processes involved in the emergence of new viral pathogens. To date, the only extensively studied emergent African begomovirus species complex is that responsible for cassava mosaic disease. Here we present a study of another emerging begomovirus species complex which is associated with serious disease outbreaks in bean, tobacco and tomato on the south-west Indian Ocean (SWIO) islands off the coast of Africa. On the basis of 14 new complete DNA-A sequences, we describe seven new island monopartite begomovirus species, suggesting the presence of an extraordinary diversity of begomovirus in the SWIO islands. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences reveal a close relationship between monopartite and bipartite African begomoviruses, supporting the hypothesis that either bipartite African begomoviruses have captured B components from other bipartite viruses, or there have been multiple B-component losses amongst SWIO virus progenitors. Moreover, we present evidence that detectable recombination events amongst African, Mediterranean and SWIO begomoviruses, while substantially contributing to their diversity, have not occurred randomly throughout their genomes. We provide the first statistical support for three recombination hot-spots (V1/C3 interface, C1 centre and the entire IR) and two recombination cold-spots (the V2 and the third quarter of V1) in the genomes of begomoviruses.

Morphologic alteration in the muscles of patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis or myopathy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-223
Author(s):  
T. Shimizu ◽  
Y. Muranaka ◽  
I. Ohta ◽  
N. Honda
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Honeycomb Structure ◽  
Periodic Paralysis ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Tubular Aggregates ◽  
Hypokalemic Myopathy ◽  
Transmission Electron

There have been many reports on ultrastructural alterations in muscles of hypokalemic periodic paralysis (hpp) and hypokalemic myopathy(hm). It is stressed in those reports that tubular structures such as tubular aggregates are usually to be found in hpp as a characteristic feature, but not in hm. We analyzed the histological differences between hpp and hm, comparing their clinical manifestations and morphologic changes in muscles. Materials analyzed were biopsied muscles from 18 patients which showed muscular symptoms due to hypokalemia. The muscle specimens were obtained by means of biopsy from quadriceps muscle and fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.4) and analyzed by ordinary method and modified Golgimethod. The ultrathin section were examined in JEOL 200CX transmission electron microscopy.Electron microscopic examinations disclosed dilated t-system and terminal cistern of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)(Fig 1), and an unique structure like “sixad” was occasionally observed in some specimens (Fig 2). Tubular aggregates (Fig 3) and honeycomb structure (Fig 4) were also common characteristic structures in all cases. These ultrastructural changes were common in both the hypokalemic periodic paralysis and the hypokalemic myopathy, regardless of the time of biopsy or the duration of hypokalemia suffered.

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