scholarly journals Totholzvolumen und -qualität in ausgewählten Schweizer Naturwaldreservaten

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 222-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Herrmann ◽  
Malgorzata Conder ◽  
Peter Brang
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Virgin Forest ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Decomposition Stages

Deadwood volume and quality in selected swiss natural forest reserves Deadwood is structurally and functionally important for forest ecosystems. To date, there are hardly any data on the amount of deadwood in Swiss natural forests which can serve as reference value for deadwood management in managed forests. In this study, deadwood volumes and qualities (sizes, broadleaf/conifer ratios, decomposition stages) from six natural forest reserves were analysed and compared with data from managed forests as well as from natural and virgin forests. An average of 69 m3/ha with a broadleaf proportion of 66% was calculated for the six reserves. Deadwood volume in relation to the total volume was 12% on average. Overall the volume of lying deadwood was double the volume of standing deadwood. The average proportion of large deadwood (diameter >30 cm) was 48% and was higher in snags (52%) than in lying deadwood (46%). Advanced stages of decomposition made up 53% of the lying deadwood. The volumes, sizes and decomposition stages varied greatly within the reserves. In comparison, in the Swiss forests altogether, there is less deadwood (21.5 m3/ha, 5% of total volume), the deadwood is thinner (35% large deadwood proportion) and less decayed (proportion of advanced stages of decomposition 10%). However, deadwood volumes in the reserves are considerably lower than those in European natural beech forests and beech virgin forests. The investigated reserves are therefore, 40 to 92 years after the last silvicultural intervention, only at the beginning of the process of acquiring a virgin forest character.

scholarly journals Wie gross sollen Altholzinseln sein?

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Müller ◽  
Thibault Lachat ◽  
Rita Bütler
Keyword(s):  
Natural Forest ◽  
Floodplain Forests ◽  
Minimal Size ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Saproxylic Species ◽  
Ecological Potential

How large should old-growth islands be? About 5% of the Swiss forest surface should be protected as natural forest reserves or as old-growth islands until 2030. This goal, which has been formulated by the Federal Office for the Environment and by the cantons, aims to promote the natural development of the forest and to conserve saproxylic species. Beside large-sized natural forest reserves, smaller old-growth islands may also play an important role. A bootstrapping method has been developed to define the minimal size of old-growth islands based on a field inventory in high forests without logging since at least 30 years. Three different indicators for habitat structures have been used to establish the ecological potential of old-growth islands: the total number of habitat structures, the amount of deadwood and the number of woodpecker trees. The threshold has been defined as the average of each indicator minus the standard error for different forest types. The surface of an island is determined at the point where 75% of the modeled surfaces are above the threshold, which guarantees a certain ecological potential. This surface reaches 0.7 ha for floodplain forests, 0.9 ha for beech and fir-beech forests and 1.2 ha for silver spruce-fir forests. The computed values are minimal rather than optimal surfaces for old-growth islands. With an increase of the surface, sustainability, quantity and quality of the habitats will be improved. Therefore, the size of old-growth islands should be larger whenever the local circumstances are favorable.

Warum Naturwaldreservate einrichten? (Essay)

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 180-186
Author(s):  
Heinz Kasper
Keyword(s):  
Forest Policy ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Jura Mountains ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Swiss Plateau ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Large Effort

Why should we have natural forest reserves? (Essay) Natural forest reserves, where any kind of intervention is prohibited, are a component of a holistic biodiversity and forest policy today. Permitting natural processes to unfold in natural forest reserves is a sustainable and cost-efficient contribution to the maintenance and enhancement of biodiversity. This paper discusses the reasons for the establishment of natural forest reserves and the peculiarities that need to be taken into account when implementing the biodiversity goals. It demonstrates that particularly the establishment of large natural forest reserves in currently managed forests on the Swiss Plateau and in the Jura mountains requires a large effort.

Both forest reserves and managed forests help maintain ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity

2019 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 108206
Author(s):  
Tomasz Leski ◽  
Maria Rudawska ◽  
Marta Kujawska ◽  
Małgorzata Stasińska ◽  
Daniel Janowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Forest Reserves

scholarly journals Opportunity cost of natural forest management in the Arenal-Huetar Norte Conservation Area, Costa Rica

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Zúñiga-Méndez ◽  
Victor Meza-Picado ◽  
Sebastian Ugalde-Alfaro ◽  
Jhonny Méndez-Gamboa
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Landscape Matrix ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Productive Activities ◽  
Natural Forest Management

Abstract Background: Part of the success of forest conservation programs is due to the economic sustainability they can provide to owners of forest resources, and how these management mechanisms can be used within an increasingly aggressive productive landscape matrix. However, there are currently no precise or up-to-date data on the economic relationships between land uses and their respective productive activities. This study designed a model to evaluate the opportunity cost of natural forest management, taking as a reference the primary productive activities that take place within the Arenal-Huetar Norte Conservation Area, in Costa Rica. Methods: Profitability data from 24 sites in natural forests with a forest management plan approved by the State Forest Administration was used, as well as geographic and productive information on alternative land uses. Results: Based on these data, an opportunity cost map was generated which shows a marked segregation of the forests into two main areas: a) a high-opportunity cost area, located south of the study area; and b) a medium-low opportunity cost area, to the center-north of the study area. Conclusions: It is concluded that ideal areas for timber harvesting are currently restricted to places far from the market, and with low opportunity costs (ranging between ≤ $0 ha -1 year -1 and $500 ha -1 year -1 ).

scholarly journals Community Structure of Dragonfly (Ordo: Odonata) in Natural Forest and Tourist Sites Petungkriyono Forest, Central Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 67328
Author(s):  
Nur Apriatun Nafisah ◽  
R.C.Hidayat Soesilohadi
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Tropical Rainforest ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Total Species

Petungkriyono forest is a tropical rainforest with high biodiversity. The increasing tourism activities in Petungkriyono lead to land conversion. Dragonfly (order Odonata) is a good bioindicator for aquatic and terrestrial. This study aimed to compare the community structure of Odonata in natural forests and tourist sites. The method of collecting imago Odonata was done by direct searching, samples were captured using sweep netting. The results showed that the dragonflies found in all locations consisted of the same family, 2 families (Gomphidae and Libellulidae) from the suborder Anisoptera and 6 families (Calopterygidae, Chlorocyphidae, Coenagrionidae, Euphaidae Platycnemididae, and Platystictidae) from the suborder Zygoptera. The total species of dragonflies found in Sokokembang were 15 species with a total of 293 individuals, Tirta Muncar 13 species of 287 individuals, Karanggondang 17 species of 276 individuals, and Curug Lawe 14 species of 242 individuals. The highest relative abundance of individuals was in the natural forest of Sokokembang is Drepanosticta spatulifera (26.28%) and in Karanggondang Vestalis luctuosa (24.64%), while in the tourist forests of Tirta Muncar and Curug Lawe were Euphaea variegata (34.84% and 28.51 %). The structure of the Odonata community is based on the Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the natural forests of Sokokembang (2.18) and Karanggondang (2.21) at the tourist sites of Tirta Muncar (1.84) and Curug Lawe (2.11). The results showed that the structure of the Odonata community based on the level of the diversity index value, evenness index, and dominance index in natural forests and tourist sites in Petungkriyono forest was not significantly different. 

scholarly journals Patterns and drivers of deadwood volume and composition in different forest types of the Austrian natural forest reserves

2020 ◽  
Vol 463 ◽  
pp. 118016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine Oettel ◽  
Katharina Lapin ◽  
Georg Kindermann ◽  
Herfried Steiner ◽  
Karl-Manfred Schweinzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Forest ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Forest Reserves

scholarly journals Influence of Land-Use Type on Forest Bird Community Composition in Mount Kenya Forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel N. Mahiga ◽  
Paul Webala ◽  
Mugo J. Mware ◽  
Paul K. Ndang’ang’a
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Forest Biodiversity ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
Point Counts ◽  
Plantation Forests ◽  
Relative Species Richness

Few studies have explored how human land uses influence and support persistence of forest biodiversity in central Kenya. In the case of the Mount Kenya ecosystem, farmlands and plantation forests are significant land-use types. Using point counts, we assessed bird communities in natural forests, plantation forests, and farmlands in the Nanyuki Forest Block, Western Mount Kenya. Bird point counts were undertaken during two sampling periods (wet and dry season). Compared to farmlands and plantation forest, natural forest had the highest overall avian species richness and relative species richness of all except one forest-dependent foraging guild (granivores) and nonforest species, which occurred frequently only on farmlands. Plantation forest had the lowest relative richness of all avian habitat and foraging guilds. Conversely, specialist forest-dependent species mainly occurred in the structurally complex remnant natural forest. Our study underscores the importance of remnant natural forests for the persistence and conservation of forest biodiversity and risks posed by replacing them with plantation forests and farmlands.

scholarly journals Estimating the Sustainability of Managed Natural Forests in Costa Rica—A Hybrid Delphi & Choice Experiment Approach

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Salas-Garita ◽  
Mario Soliño
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Post Evaluation ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sustainability Principles

Management of natural forests in Costa Rica allows timber extraction in so far as it is guaranteed that the logging activities comply with diverse Sustainability Principles, Criteria and Indicators (PCIs). These are hierarchical and complex systems used, ex-ante in the formulation and approval of the Management Plan but have not been used for ex-post evaluation of managed forests. Development of sustainability evaluation systems that include few criteria is highly recommended. In that sense, the choice experiments contribute to simplification of the initial system of decision making, complementing a complex system of PCIs that permits detailed analysis of the management units. In this study, a choice experiment was included in a Delphi application and 5 key variables were identified to evaluate the sustainability of managed natural forests. These variables are, in order of importance—technical, legal and administrative conditions; external financing conditions; production performance; costs of preparing the Management Plan; and payment mechanisms for environmental services. The definition of these variables confirms not only that the technical, legal and administrative conditions are critical for sustainability but also that they could reflect the type of governance involved in sustainability forest management.

scholarly journals Application of Landscape Approach Principles Motivates Forest Fringe Farmers to Reforest Ghana’s Degraded Reserves

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Acheampong ◽  
Jeffrey Sayer ◽  
Colin Macgregor ◽  
Sean Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural Expansion ◽  
Landscape Approach ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Farmer Behaviour ◽  
Fringe Communities ◽  
Forest Fringe

Research Highlights: Landscape approach principles were developed to address competing claims on resources at local scales. We used the principles to address agricultural expansion in Ghana’s forest reserves. Background and Objectives: Agricultural expansion is a major cause of Ghana’s forest-cover loss. Cultivation has totally deforested some forest reserves. The situation in Ghana illustrates the trade-off between attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 1—reduction of poverty, and 2—achieving food security, are in conflict with SDG 15—protecting and restoring forests. We examined how farmers in forest fringe communities could be engaged in restoring degraded forests using the landscape approach and whether their livelihoods were improved through the use of this approach. Materials and Methods: The Ongwam II Forest Reserve in the Ashanti region of Ghana is encroached by farmers from two communities adjacent to the reserve. We employed the 10 principles of the landscape approach to engage farmers in restoring the degraded reserve. The flexibility of the landscape approach provided a framework against which to assess farmer behaviour. We encouraged farmers to plant trees on 10 ha of the degraded reserve and to benefit through the cultivation of food crops amongst the trees. Results: Access to fertile forest soils for cultivation was the main motivation for the farmers to participate in the reforestation project. The farmers’ access to natural and financial capital increased and they became food secure in the first year of the project’s operation. Conclusions: Effective implementation of several small-scale reforestation projects using the landscape approach could together lead to a forest transition, more trees in agricultural systems and better protection of residual natural forests while improving farmers’ livelihoods, all combining to achieve the SDGs.

Long-term forest utilization can decrease forest floor microhabitat diversity: evidence from boreal Fennoscandia

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Kuuluvainen ◽  
Raija Laiho
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Decayed Wood ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Managed Forest ◽  
Vegetation Zone ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forest Utilization

Forest floor microhabitat diversity was studied in old Pinus sylvestris L. dominated forest sites in two regions within the middle boreal vegetation zone in Fennoscandia: in 50 managed forest sites in the Häme region in southwestern Finland and in 45 natural or old selectively logged forest sites in the Kuhmo–Viena region in northeastern Finland and northwestern Russia. The forests in the Häme region are characterized by a long history of forest utilization, while the forests in the Kuhmo–Viena region can be regarded as natural or near natural. The managed forest sites in Häme had significantly lower forest floor microhabitat diversity compared with natural and near-natural forests. Microhabitats that were significantly more scarce in managed versus natural and near-natural forest sites included humps, depressions, decayed wood, and vicinity of decayed wood. On the other hand, even ground was significantly more abundant in managed forest compared with natural and near-natural forest. Microhabitat availability was also reflected in the occurrence of tree saplings growing in different microhabitats. The results suggest that long-term forest utilization has decreased forest floor microhabitat diversity. This has occurred because of a decreased amount of fallen deadwood and, possibly, lack of soil disturbances because of fewer uprootings caused by falling trees.

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