scholarly journals On Frankincense-scented Soaps, Peelings and Cleansers or on Cosmetics and Commotics in Antiquity and Early Byzantium

Vox Patrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 175-200
Author(s):  
Maciej Kokoszko ◽  
Zofia Rzeźnicka

Cosmetology (τέχνη κοσμητική), i.e. a resource of means aimed at maintaining natural beauty of a human, was not frowned upon by the pagans nor by the Christians. What they disapproved of was commotic (κομμωτικὴ τέχνη), defined (by Galen, Clement of Alexandria, Gregory of Nyssa and Theodoret of Cyrus ) as an art of changing the outward appearance to the detriment of nature and one’s health.  The present study has been designed to discuss select information, extant in Book VIII of Iatricorum libri by Aëtius of Amida, on what preparations were at disposal of the people of the Mediterranean who cared for their physical cleanliness (as well as health), regardless of their religious proclivities. It is focused on a number of prescriptions for face and body cleansers, though the analysed inventory has been limited to the ones including frankincense. The research material has turned out to be ample enough to draw conclusions on the ingredients used in such agents, their effectiveness, the form of the preparations, their application mode as well as on the addressees of the recipes. It has been also suggested that the formulas were compiled from the body of medical knowledge akin to what was collected by Titus Statilius Crito in his work On cosmetics.

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-311
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Ziemiński

Tematem artykułu jest złożony obraz epidemii cholery w noweli Tomasza Manna Śmierć w Wenecji. W części pierwszej, poświęconej symbolice zarazy, indyjska cholera została zinterpretowana jako znak ludzkiej skończoności (śmiertelności) oraz przejaw degeneracji artysty, który – prowadząc wcześniej ascetyczny tryb życia – zakochał się w kilkunastoletnim chłopcu. W ten sposób indyjska cholera staje się symbolem buntu ciała przeciwko duchowi, co znajduje także swoje odzwierciedlenie na płaszczyźnie kultury zachodniej (rozum, dyscyplina), ulegającej wpływom wschodnim (zmysły, żywiołowość). W jakiejś zatem mierze nowelę Manna można odczytywać w duchu dyskursu kolonialnego, zgodnie z którym Wschód jest postrzegany jako zagrożenie dla Europy; w ocenie narratora bowiem źródłami indyjskiej cholery są klimat oraz niski poziom medycyny w Indiach. W części drugiej, poświęconej postawom ludzi wobec epidemii, ukazana została polityka władz miasta wobec zbiorowego zagrożenia; pomimo coraz większej liczby zgonów i zachorowań politycy uspokajają mieszkańców, że sytuacja jest pod kontrolą, a rygory higieniczne wynikają z ostrożności. Powodem takiego kłamstwa (powtarzanego także przez mieszkańców Wenecji) jest groźba bankructwa ludzi żyjących z turystyki. Panująca epidemia jest też okazją do napadów rabunkowych, a nawet morderstw, przestępcy wierzą bowiem, że w zaistniałych okolicznościach pozostaną bezkarni. Obraz ten sugeruje, że człowiek jest istotą egoistyczną, w warunkach zagrożenia bardziej troszczącą się o własny los aniżeli o los innych ludzi. “So There Is No Malady in Venice?” The Image of an Epidemic in Thomas Mann’s Short Story Death in Venice The topic of the paper is the complex image of a cholera epidemic in Thomas Mann’s short story Death in Venice. In the first part of the text, devoted to the symbolism of the disease, Asiatic cholera is interpreted as a symbol of human finitude (mortality) and a manifestation of the degeneration of the artist, who, having previously led an ascetic life, falls in love with a teenage boy. Asiatic cholera becomes a symbol of the body rebelling against the mind, which is also reflected on the level of Western culture (reason, discipline) succumbing to Eastern influences (sense, spontaneity). Therefore, Mann’s story can be interpreted from the perspective of colonial discourse, according to which the East is perceived as a threat to Europe; in the narrator’s view, the source of Asiatic cholera is the climate of India and its poor level of medical knowledge. In the second part, devoted to human attitudes towards the epidemic, the article presents the local government’s policy towards the collective threat; despite the growing number of deaths and infections, the politicians are calming people down, claiming that the situation is completely under control and any sanitary restrictions are introduced as a mere precaution. The reason behind the lie (also repeated by the inhabitants of Venice) is the threat of bankruptcy faced by the people who make their living from tourism. The epidemic is also an opportunity for robberies and even murders, because criminals believe that in these circumstances they will remain unpunished. This pessimistic image suggests that humans are egoistic and care more about their own fate than the fate of others when standing in the face of danger.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-541
Author(s):  
John David Penniman

Humankind, for Gregory of Nyssa, was poisoned through a primordial act of eating the forbidden fruit from the Garden of Eden. As a result, the toxin of sin and death has been blended into the body and soul of each person, dispersing itself throughout the component parts of their nature. If eating and drinking initiated the spiritual and physical degradation of humanity, Gregory argues, then it must also be through eating and drinking—namely, through the Eucharist—that humanity will be healed. This article proposes that Gregory's instruction on the Eucharist in his Catechetical Oration should be understood as more than merely a metaphorical flourish, more than a clever use of medical imagery at the service of a sacramental theology. Rather, his use of technical medical terminology and concepts about dietetics and pharmacology are an example of medical knowledge being applied within the embodied practices of a particular Christian ritual. That is, when read in light of the crucial medical concept of krasis—in which health and disease are identified as a delicate blending of hot, cold, wet, and dry—we are better able to discern how Gregory's discussion of ritualized bread-eating functions as a medical intervention into the diseased and dying nature of humanity. In his discussion of food's power to reconfigure the four fundamental qualities of human physiology, Gregory presents the Eucharistic bread as part of a dietary regimen, a method for blending Christ's healing and life-giving power into bodies that are currently bent toward death. In this way, the bread is offered as a singularly potent antidote for sicknesses afflicting body and soul alike.


Author(s):  
Raphael A. Cadenhead

Although the reception of the Eastern father Gregory of Nyssa has varied over the centuries, the past few decades have witnessed a profound awakening of interest in his thought, particularly in relation to the contentious issues of gender, sex, and sexuality. The Body and Desire sets out to retrieve the full range of Gregory’s thinking on the challenges of the ascetic life through a diachronic analysis of his oeuvre. Exploring his understanding of the importance of bodily and spiritual maturation in the practices of contemplation and virtue, Raphael Cadenhead recovers the vital relevance of this vision of transformation for contemporary ethical discourse.


10.29210/9940 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Muhammad Husni Tamim ◽  
Rina Nopiana

Doing physical activity can make the body fit and increase the body's immunity to be able to fight the virus during the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on this, sports activities are needed to invite people to maintain their physical health through healthy exercise activities which are held aimed at increasing people's interest in exercising during the Covid-19 pandemic during new normal so that their body endurance is better. This community service (PKM) is a form of real work from the Hamzanwadi University Physical Education and Health Study Program for the people of South Pringgasela Village to participate in healthy gymnastics as an effort to prevent Covid-19. Healthy gymnastics activities can increase public awareness of the importance of maintaining health in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andri Nirwana

Abstract: The phenomenon of the people who forcibly took covid's corpse 19 from the hospital to be taken care of by Fardhu Kifayah by his family and the community, became a conclusion that there was community doubt about the management of Tajhiz Mayat conducted by the hospital. Coupled with the circulation of the video of the Ruku movement 'in the corpse prayer conducted by unscrupulous parties at the Hospital, became added doubts from the public against the hospital. To solve this problem, this research uses a Descriptive Analysis approach, namely by formulating a question, namely How to arrange Covid 19's body in Banda Aceh and this question will be answered with several theories and data sets from the field. So it was concluded in a conclusion that answered the formulation of the problems mentioned. Theoretically the spread of covid 19 is very fast, the size of the virus is only 0.1 micrometer and is in body fluids, especially nasopharyngeal fluid and oropharyngeal fluids of infected people, fluids in the body of covid 19 bodies can get out through every gap of the body such as mouth, nose, eye and rectum, because it requires special techniques in its management. Fardhu kifayah to covid 19 bodies should be carried out by trained Ustad and trained health workers, so that the spread stopped. The results of this study concluded that the management of the Moslem bodies died at Zainal Abidin Hospital in Banda Aceh was in accordance with the Fatwa of the Aceh Ulama Council (MPU) and the bodies were handled by trained Ustad and health workers.


Author(s):  
Rhiannon Graybill

This chapter shows how embodiment plays an important role in constructing meaning in the book of Ezekiel. The text contains a number of bodies, including human bodies (Ezekiel, the people of Judah), supernatural or divine bodies (Yahweh, the cherubim, various divine messengers), metaphorical bodies (the female bodies in Ezekiel 16 and 23), foreign bodies (various foreign nations), and animate “dry bones” in Ezekiel 37. The body is central to the practice of prophecy in the book. It is likewise fundamental to performances of gender and to the negotiation of the relationship between Yahweh and the people, including Ezekiel himself. Focusing on the body also highlights the significance of masculinity in the text, as well as its instability.


Author(s):  
Pravin A. Tangade

There are many ways of diagnosis in Ayurveda but one of them is Nidan panchak . Nidan panchak is the one of the most important method to diagnose disease, its causes and prognosis. Nidan panchak is consist of five sub types which are Nidan  (causes), Purvroop  (symptoms), Roop (signs), Upshaya  (examination methods) and Samprati  (pathogensis). The diagnosis of disease in Ayurveda is done by Prakriti of the patient. Prakriti of the patient depends on the Dosha  (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) Diagnosis of disease depends on Tridoshas which are Vata, Pitta, Kapha. By the imbalance of these Tridoshas disease occurs in the body. These imbalances in the body Doshas is due to lifestyle, diet and eating habits of the people. Diagnosis is the important component for the treatment of disease. In Ayurveda there are many techniques other than Nidan panchak which are used for the diagnosis of the disease they are Naadi pareeksha, Dashvidh pareeksha, Asthvidh pareeksha but in this article importance of Nidan panchak is explained.


Vox Patrum ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 337-391
Author(s):  
Ewa Osek

This paper is the study of the Greek terms using by John Chrysostom on rea­ring, upbringing, training and teaching of children. The analyse of these terms and their use in all the John Chrysostom's writings shows as strong influence of the Atttic writers' vocabulary (especiallty Platoʼs), even in his commentaries on the Scriptural verses, as of the early Christian litera­ture (New Testament, Clement of Alexandria, Gregory of Nyssa).


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