scholarly journals Molecular basis of structural makeup of hulless barley in relation to rumen degradation kinetics and intestinal availability in dairy cattle: A novel approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 5151-5159 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Damiran ◽  
P. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Novel Approach

scholarly journals In situ rumen degradation of kernels from short-season corn silage hybrids as affected by processing1,2

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renan L Miorin ◽  
Lucia Holtshausen ◽  
Vern Baron ◽  
Karen A Beauchemin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Short Season

Abstract The objective of this in situ study was to evaluate the rumen degradability of kernels from short-season corn hybrids grown for silage in Western Canada (Lacombe, AB) and determine whether decreasing kernel particle size would enhance ruminal degradability in a similar manner for all hybrids. The study was a completely randomized design with 3 beef cows (replicates) and a 6 (hybrid) × 3 (particle size) factorial arrangement of treatments. Kernels were processed to generate three different particle sizes: large (2.3 mm), medium (1.4 mm), and small (0.7 mm). Processed samples were incubated in the rumen for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h using the in situ method and degradation kinetics of DM and starch were determined. Effective rumen degradability (ED) was estimated using a passage rate of 0.04 (ED4), 0.06 (ED6), and 0.08/h (ED8). Hybrids exhibited a range in whole plant DM content (23.7 to 25.0%), starch content (15.9 to 28.1% DM), kernel hardness (21.9 to 34.4 s/20 g) and density (3.57 to 4.18 g/mL), and prolamin content (8.24 to 11.34 g/100 g starch). Differences in digestion kinetics among hybrids were generally more pronounced for starch than DM. The hybrids differed in starch degradability (P < 0.05), with earlier maturing hybrids having lower A fraction, lower kd, and lower ED, with hybrid effects on ED being accentuated with faster passage rate. Kernel DM content (r = −0.85, −0.87), hardness (r = −0.89, −0.86), and density (r = −0.84, −0.85) were negatively correlated with ED4 and ED8 of starch, respectively, due mainly to decreased kd of fraction B. Reducing the particle size of kernels increased ED of starch due to increased A fraction and kd of the B fraction. A tendency (P = 0.09) for hybrid × processing effects for ED6 and ED8 indicated that processing had greater effects on increasing ED of starch for earlier maturing hybrids. We conclude that short-season hybrids that mature early may have lower ED of DM and starch and would benefit from prolonged ensilage time. Kernel processing during silage making is recommended for short-season corn hybrids as a means of enhancing rumen availability of starch.

scholarly journals Interactive Curve-Linear Relationship Between Alteration of Carbohydrate Macromolecular Structure Traits in Hulless Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Grain and Nutrient Utilization, Biodegradation and Bioavailability

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoli Sun ◽  
Luciana L. Prates ◽  
Peiqiang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Macromolecular Structure ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Nutrient Profiles ◽  
Kinetics Of

The aim of this study was to reveal an interactive curve-linear relationship between altered carbohydrate macromolecular structure traits of hulless barley cultivars and nutrient utilization, biodegradation, as well as bioavailability. The cultivars had different carbohydrate macromolecular traits, including amylose (A), amylopectin (AP), and β-glucan contents, as well as their ratios (A:AP). The parameters assessed included: (1) chemical and nutrient profiles; (2) protein and carbohydrate sub-fractions partitioned by the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS); (3) total digestible nutrients (TDN) and energy values; and (4) in situ rumen degradation kinetics of nutrients and truly absorbed nutrient supply. The hulless barley samples were analyzed for starch (ST), crude protein (CP), total soluble crude protein (SCP), etc. The in situ incubation technique was performed to evaluate the degradation kinetics of the nutrients, as well as the effective degradability (ED) and bypass nutrient (B). Results showed that the carbohydrates (g/kg DM) had a cubic relationship (p < 0.05), with the A:AP ratio and β-glucan level; while the starch level presented a quadratic relationship (p < 0.05), with the A:AP ratio and cubic relationship (p < 0.05), with β-glucan level. The CP and SCP contents had a cubic relationship (p < 0.05) with the A:AP ratio and β-glucan level. The altered carbohydrate macromolecular traits were observed to have strongly curve-linear correlations with protein and carbohydrate fractions partitioned by CNCPS. For the in situ protein degradation kinetics, there was a quadratic effect of A:AP ratio on the rumen undegraded protein (RUP, g/kg DM) and a linear effect of β-glucan on the bypass protein (BCP, g/kg DM). The A:AP ratio and β-glucan levels had quadratic effects (p < 0.05) on BCP and EDCP. For ST degradation kinetics, the ST degradation rate (Kd), BST and EDST showed cubic effects (p < 0.05) with A:AP ratio. The β-glucan level showed a cubic effect on EDST (g/kg DM) and a quadratic effect on BST (g/kg ST or g/kg DM) and EDST (g/kg DM). In conclusion, alteration of carbohydrate macromolecular traits in hulless barley significantly impacted nutrient utilization, metabolic characteristics, biodegradation, and bioavailability. Altered carbohydrate macromolecular traits curve-linearly affected the nutrient profiles, protein and carbohydrate fractions, total digestible nutrient, energy values, and in situ degradation kinetics.

scholarly journals PSI-25 Effect of varieties and tannin levels (low vs. normal) on the rumen degradation kinetics and intestinal digestion of faba beans grown in western Canada.

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (suppl_3) ◽  
pp. 185-185
Author(s):  
M Rodríguez ◽  
V Guevara-Oquendo ◽  
R Newkirk ◽  
D Beaulieu ◽  
B Tar’an ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Faba Beans

Rapid Estimating Rumen Digestibility of Forage with Lignin Structures Based on Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1164-1174
Author(s):  
Ruonan Wang ◽  
Ruitao Sun ◽  
Fei Zheng ◽  
Kenan Tang ◽  
Dasen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
High Boiling Solvent ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Northeast Of China

The experiment was aimed to predict the relationship between rumen degradation parameters and chemical composition, especially acid detergent lignin, and molecular structure profiles of lignin (the relative content ratio of syringyl and guaiacyl unit) of twenty-two herbaceous and leguminous forage, which were commonly used as roughage for dairy cows in the northeast of China. Analyses of the spectra of forage materials' high boiling solvent lignin samples showed that common features and specific vibrations to each unique lignin were found in the spectrum. In this paper, the spectra of materials high boiling solvent lignin demonstrated absorption at the band around 1332 cm–1 (syringyl) and 1258 cm–1 (guaiacyl). The spectra indicated that the lignin of the plant materials used in this study are H-G-S type. A broad range was found among the chemical composition for each feedstuff. The degradation kinetics characteristics among feedstuffs also had relatively large range of variation. The relative content ratio of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) unit of leguminous samples positively correlated with some rumen degradation characteristics. However, there was no correlation between relative content ratio of S and G unit and degradation parameters among the herbaceous materials (p > 0.05). According to analyses, content acid detergent lignin (ADL) and relative content ratio of S and G could be the predictors of the degradation parameters expect SCP among forage. In conclusion, the relative content ratio of S and G might be potentially used to predict some of the degradation parameters (Kd CP, EDCP, SNDF) of leguminous feedstuffs.

Statistical modelling of the impact of some polyphenols on the efficiency of anaerobic digestion and the co-digestion of the wine distillery wastewater with dairy cattle manure and cheese whey

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Akassou ◽  
A. Kaanane ◽  
A. Crolla ◽  
C. Kinsley
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Distillery Wastewater ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion in the treatment of polyphenols (PP) present in olive mill wastewater (OMW) and wine distillery wastewater (WDW). Anaerobic Toxicity Assay (ATA) was conducted to assess the impact of the most representative phenolic compounds present in OMW and WDW: catechol, tannins and p-Coumaric acid, on biogas production. The results from this study show that tannins do not present any inhibitory effect on methanogenesis at a concentration level of 1,664 ppm, whereas catechol has an inhibitory effect at 1,664 ppm. In addition, p-Coumaric acid was strongly inhibitory at 50 ppm. The co-digestion of OMW and WDW with other effluents was proposed as a solution for reducing the load of PP in the anaerobic medium. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were carried out for dairy cattle manure and mixtures of five PP. A central composite design was implemented on the BMP tests to model the biogas production response and the degradation kinetics of PP. The co-digestion of WDW with cattle manure and/or whey was also investigated in BMP tests. The results show that the digestion was optimal at a ratio of 16: 64: 20 (WDW: manure: inoculum) with a maximum biogas yield of 172 mL/g of VS and 66% COD removal.

scholarly journals Application of advanced synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy to animal nutrition and feed science: a novel approach

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Endosperm Tissue ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Nutrient Utilisation ◽  
Ftir Technique ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
Α Helix ◽  
Β Sheet

Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform IR (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy has been developed as a rapid, direct, non-destructive and bioanalytical technique. This technique, taking advantage of synchrotron light brightness and a small effective source size, is capable of exploring the molecular chemistry within the microstructures of a biological tissue without the destruction of inherent structures at ultraspatial resolutions within cellular dimensions. This is in contrast to traditional ‘wet’ chemical methods, which, during processing for analysis, often result in the destruction of the intrinsic structures of feeds. To date there has been very little application of this technique to the study of feed materials in relation to animal nutrient utilisation. The present article reviews four applications of the SR-FTIR bioanalytical technique as a novel approach in animal nutrition and feed science research. Application 1 showed that using the SR-FTIR technique, intensities and the distribution of the biological components (such as lignin, protein, lipid, structural and non-structural carbohydrates and their ratios) in the microstructure of plant tissue within cellular dimensions could be imaged. The implication from this study is that we can chemically define the intrinsic feed structure and compare feed tissues according to spectroscopic characteristics, functional groups, spatial distribution and chemical intensity. Application 2 showed that the ultrastructural–chemical makeup and density of yellow- and brown-seeded Brassica rape could be explored. This structural–chemical information could be used for the prediction of rapeseed quality and nutritive value for man and animals and for rapeseed breeding programmes for selecting superior varieties for special purposes. More research is required to define the extent of differences that exist between the yellow- and brown-seeded Brassica rape. Application 3 showed with the SR-FTIR technique that chemical differences in the ultrastructural matrix of endosperm tissue between Harrington (malting-type) and Valier (feed-type) barley in relation to rumen degradation characteristics could be identified. The results indicated that the greater association of the protein matrix with the starch granules in the endosperm tissue of Valier barley may limit the access of ruminal micro-organisms to the starch granules and thus reduce the rate and extent of rumen degradation relative to that of Harrington barley. It is the first time that the microstructural matrix in the endosperm of barley has been revealed by using the SR-FTIR technique, which makes it possible to link feed intrinsic structures to nutrient utilisation and digestive behaviour in ruminants. Application 4 showed with the SR-FTIR technique that the chemical features of various feed protein (amide I) secondary structures (such as feather, wheat, oats and barley) could be quantified. With a multi-component fitting program (Lorentz function), the results showed feather containing about 88% β-sheet and 4% α-helix, barley containing about 17% β-sheet and 71% α-helix; oats containing about 2% β-sheet and 92% α-helix; and wheat containing about 42% β-sheet and 50% α-helix. The relative percentage of the two may influence protein value. A high percentage of β-sheet may reduce the access of gastrointestinal digestive enzymes to the protein structure. Further study is required on feed protein secondary structures in relation to enzyme accessibility and digestibility. In conclusion, the SR-FTIR technique can be used for feed science and animal nutrition research. However, the main disadvantage of this technique is the requirement for a special light source; a synchrotron beam.

scholarly journals Relationship of protein molecular structure to metabolisable proteins in different types of dried distillers grains with solubles: a novel approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 1429-1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiqiang Yu ◽  
Waldo G. Nuez-Ortín
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Protein Balance ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Α Helix ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Β Sheet ◽  
Intestinal Digestibility

To date, there has been no study of protein molecular structures affected by bioethanol processing in relation to protein nutritive values of the new co-products of bioethanol production. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between protein molecular structures (in terms of protein α-helix and β-sheet spectral intensity and their ratio and amide I to amide II spectral intensity and their ratio) and protein rumen degradation kinetics (rate and extent), estimated protein intestinal digestibility and total truly absorbed protein in small intestine (metabolisable protein) in different types of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), such as wheat DDGS, maize DDGS and blend DDGS (wheat:maize = 70:30). The protein molecular structures of the different types of DDGS affected by processing were identified using diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform spectroscopy. The results showed that the protein structure α-helix to β-sheet ratio in the DDGS had a strongly negative correlation with estimated intestinal digestibility of ruminally undegraded protein (%dRUP, R − 0·95, P = 0·04), tended to have a significant correlation with the protein PC subfraction (which was undegradable and contained proteins associated with lignin and tannins and heat-damaged proteins) (R 0·91, P = 0·09) and had no correlation (P>0·10) with rumen degradation kinetics (rate and extent), total intestinally absorbed protein supply and degraded protein balance. However, the protein amide I to amide II ratio in the DDGS had a strongly positive correlation with soluble crude protein (CP) (R 0·99, P < 0·01), protein PA subfraction (which was instantaneously solubilised at time zero) (R 0·99, P < 0·01), protein PB2 subfraction (which was intermediately degradable) (R − 0·95, P = 0·04) and total digestible CP (R 0·95, P = 0·04). The amide I to amide II ratio also had strongly negative correlations with ruminally undegraded protein (%RUP: R − 0·96, P = 0·03) and the degraded protein balance (OEB: R − 0·97, P = 0·02), but had no correlation (P>0·10) with the total intestinally absorbed protein supply. Multiple regression results show that the protein structure α-helix to β-sheet ratio was a better predictor of %dRUP with R2 0·92. The amide I to II ratio was a better predictor of the degraded protein balance with R2 0·93 in the DDGS. In conclusion, the changes in the protein molecular structure α-helix to β-sheet ratio and the amide I to amide II ratio during bioethanol processing (either due to fermentation processing or due to heat drying) were highly associated with estimated protein intestinal digestibility and degraded protein balance, but were not associated with total intestinally absorbed protein supply from the DDGS to dairy cattle. The present study indicates that a potential novel method could be developed based on the protein molecular structure parameters to improve the estimation of protein value after a validation in a large-scale in vivo study is done.

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