scholarly journals Taxes for Independence

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-37
Author(s):  
Miranda Sheild Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
The State ◽  
Multiple Exchange ◽  
Economic Citizenship

In peri-urban Cochabamba, Bolivia, the ‘informally’ employed population reject the government’s fiscal offer of taxes in return for welfare, infrastructure, and rights, including the offer’s underlying logic of reciprocity. Instead, they disaggregate the fiscal landscape by choosing to engage with some taxes and avoid others, understanding the exchanges that do take place as vehicles for independence from the state as opposed to interdependence with the state. An anthropology of tax must do the same: deconstruct fiscal systems, examine the multiple exchange logics at play, investigate the production of diverse forms of ‘economic citizenship’, and locate emic definitions of tax within their historical and cultural context. Specifically, reciprocity should not be assumed to be an organizing principle of fiscal imaginaries or realities.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF THE STATE: CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 (04(01)) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Iryna Kolosovska Iryna Kolosovska ◽  
Radosław Zagórski Radosław Zagórski
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Social Function ◽  
The State ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social

This article conceptualizes modern approaches to the transformation of the social function of the state in the context of the influence of globalization processes, the ambiguity of the formation of the socio-cultural context, the actualization of the latest risks and threats associated with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We accentuate the inconsistencies and contradictions between the declared social priorities and the inefficiency of the management mechanisms of their practical implementation. The article substantiates the priority directions of the regulatory role of the state in the context of social risk management, formation of social security, adherence to the principle of social justice, and harmonization of interests of representatives of various social groups. Key words: public administration, state, social functions, governance mechanisms, globalization, social risks, COVID-19 pandemic, social justice.

Institute of social work as a promising tool for social dev

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Maria Kudryavtseva
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines the relationship between the social policy of the state and the Institute of social work. Some foreign and domestic approaches to defi ning the essence of social work as a specifi c type of activity are presented. It is noted that at a specifi c historical stage, the prevailing directions of social work, models of social assistance and support are determined by the socio-economic situation in the country, the level of social development, and the socio-cultural context. It is emphasized that in the conditions of modern reality, there is a need to develop the Institute of social work and realize its potential.

scholarly journals Muslim communities within and out of St. Petersburg cultural context in the 20th century

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-267
Author(s):  
Apollinaria S. Avrutina
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Interfaith Dialogue ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Russian History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
Insight Into

The article offers an insight into the history of the Muslim communities in the Russian capital city of St. Petersburg in the 18th –20th cent. The author identifies the problems, which gradually arose in course of implementation of the state national policy in various periods of the Russian history. Equally she outlines the problems, which may be an obstacle in the interfaith dialogue.

Paleolithic

2020 ◽  
pp. 106-137
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
The State ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Subjective Space

The examples of Paleolithic painting, their dating and cultural context are given. Basically, these are the works found in the caves of Chauvet, Altamira, Lascaux. The features of space depicting and some other features of the images been analyzed. Their difference from the contemporary patterns of space depicting been discussed. The connection of such signs with the levels of subjective space is established, which allows us to judge the development of its channels. The origin of the World Tree myth dates back to the Paleolithic epoch, there are very few images to judge upon its plot. Nevertheless, it is possible to reconstruct the Paleolithic version of the myth, based upon indirect signs. It also gives the chance to judge upon the state of mind of the Paleolithic humans. The results of the reconstruction of the mind and behavior of the Paleolithic human are presented in the form of a generalized psychological portrait and description of the behavior pattern.

Afterword

2020 ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Mei Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
The State ◽  
The West ◽  
Institutional Interplay ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Analytical Point ◽  
State And Market

This chapter reviews the collective exploration into the entanglements of science and technology, the state, the market, and everyday life in contemporary China. The chapter presents a compelling argument for why it is critical, at this particular moment, for anthropologists to step in and make their accounts and analyses of science in/of/and China relevant to academic and public discussions and debates. It emphasizes that China is not a place outside of the West where “usual science” proliferates and changes its forms in a non-Western national or cultural context. Rather, the translocal sociohistorical formation and the complex conceptual and institutional interplay of state, market, and technoscience shaping and shaped by post-Mao, post-socialist, and now Xi's authoritarian China demand thoughtful and experimental ethnographic engagement on the ground. The chapter also invokes governmentality as an analytical point of entry into the enmeshments of science, state, and market and as a way to forge a conversation with topics central to science and technology studies (STS) literatures.

scholarly journals Tradycja powstań narodowych i oręża polskiego (1794–1864) w polityce pamięci Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksei Rogozin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
Political Situation

The monograph is devoted to the politics of memory of the Second Polish Republic concerning national uprisings and armed struggles of the years 1794–1864 and the figures involved in them. The author argues that it was set in a larger political, social and cultural context and shows the dependence of interpreting history by the elites of the state on the political situation in the country and abroad.

scholarly journals Local Wisdom on the Use of Minangkabau Proverbs Meaning Satire by the Minangkabau Community in Medan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Syamsul Bahri
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Aspects ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The objective of this research is to know more about  the complete description of Local Wisdom on the Use of the Minangkabu Proverb Meaning Satire by the Minangkabau Community in Medan. This research uses descriptive qualitative method which can be interpreted as a problem solving procedure that is investigated by describing the state of the object of research at the present time based on the facts that appear or as they are.The sample of this research limited  to 8 (eight) Minangkabau informants from the four Kotamatsum Kelurahan. After conducting this research, it was found that the use of the Minangkabau Proverb having meaningful satire by the Minangkabau Society in Medan was more dominant in the Social and Cultural context. This shows that the Minangkabau Society in social interaction with each other always uses a sentence that is decorated, especially the use of the proverbial Minangkabau meaning satire which aims at providing input, criticism and advice in accordance with religious aspects, customs and tradition which are held firmly by the Minangkabau community.

scholarly journals Secure in «risk society»

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Il'ya Chestnov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The State ◽  
Risk Society ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Protected Object ◽  
The Individual

This article is about secure issues. Secure as the object of research is considered in the historical and socio-cultural context. Theoretical representation and secure issues in “risk society” is the object of research. The post-classical methodology used by the author assumes the analysis of security in the historical and socio-cultural context. This context is a post-modern society characterized by risk and uncertainty. In this regard, the author suggests reviewing the established ideas about security. Security includes two dimensions – objective and mental (mental, subjective), which complement each other. In this case, security is the idea of the security of the individual, the state, and society constructed by the authorities. Constructability and relativity of security are its most important characteristics in the «risk society». Today, security is one of the fundamental human rights. The content of security as a human right is also a measure of freedom. This right is guaranteed by security measures developed and implemented by the state and civil society. Such measures are aimed at the person who may pose a security threat, and the protected object. These measures are historically variable and relative to the threats that appear to be most relevant.

scholarly journals When is enough, enough? And what should the criminologist say?

Temida ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Nils Christie
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Penal System ◽  
State Control ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Critical Overview

In this paper, the author is trying to find the answers to questions when is enough, enough, and what is the role of the criminologists in the process of establishing the balance between the crime control carried out by the state and the civil society and its basic values. Each state can be evaluated by its penal system that reflects the crucial centers of the state control and power, conveying at the same time information about the way we are not supposed to go. Namely, the penalty, which means the infliction of pain against the accused, presents the negation of the basic ethical, moral human, civilized principles. In that way, the penalty becomes a dangerous for the society, as well as the serious obstacle for ideals of the social cohesion and assimilation. He is showing that on the examples of penal systems in several countries, such as Finland, Russia, Byelorussia and Norway, giving a critical overview of the penal system of the USA. The USA penal system is a good example of breaking off the links with the basic societal values, representing at the same time crime against people in the USA, as well as in other (European) countries due to the strong influence which the States have in this domain because of their economy power on the global plan. Bearing that in mind, the author is concluding that the criminologists should begin the analysis from another point of view: not from the offender and the criminal offence, but from the existing penal system in order to find out what kind of pain and what way of its causing would be acceptable in the certain historical, societal, and cultural context; in other words how big the penal system should be, without endangering the basic values at the same time.

Who Are the Rohingya?

The Rohingya ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 27-57
Author(s):  
Nasir Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Human Geography ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Demographic Composition ◽  
Historical Trajectory

Chapter 2 places the Rohingyas in the historical, political, and cultural context of Burma/Myanmar. Who they are, where did they come from, and how did they appear in the demographic composition of Burma, now Myanmar; and the human geography of Arakan or what is now called the Rakhine State. It brings in the historical trajectory of Muslim settlements in this region dating back to the eighth century when Arab traders first anchored in the northern Arakan state and settled down there. Among other things, it also critically engages in the debate on whether the emergence of Muslims in Arakan laid down the foundation of Rohingya ethnicity or whether becoming Rohingya was tied to their distinctive social practices, cultural heritage, and continuity of a particular ethnicity. Towards this objective, this chapter explores the historical chronology of different political upheavals that have gradually pushed them to the margin of the state.

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