scholarly journals Hope Restored: the United Empire Loyalist Settlement in British North America, 1775–1812

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Bogdanowicz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Upper Canada ◽  
British Government ◽  
Government Assistance ◽  
British North America ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Canadian Provinces

The article looks into the process of resettlement of the United Empire Loyalists from the newly created United States to British North America. The settlement, political and social considerations, as well as the logistic challenges to the already-existing Canadian provinces are evaluated. The paper utlines the creation of New Brunswick and Upper Canada; it also investigates the issues of the Indian and Black loyalists’ repatriation and the British government assistance in the process.

Frontierism, Capital, and the American Loyalists in Canada

1979 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Temperley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
North America ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
British North America ◽  
Hard Time ◽  
William Cobbett

Everyone agrees that the American Loyalists had a hard time of it. Not only were they on the losing side in a long and cruel war — in their case rendered particularly bitter by virtue of being a civil war — but when hostilities ended they found themselves deprived of possessions, forced into exile, severed from relations and friends, and obliged to adapt to unfamiliar customs and surroundings. For those who took refuge in what remained of British North America, as approximately half of them did — some 40,000 in all — starting over again involved special difficulties. Winters there were long and cold, and the territories in which they found themselves were mostly still in a state of nature, uncultivated, unmapped, and in some cases virtually unexplored. Indeed, how suitable these lands were for settlement was at first by no means clear. “ Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Canada,” observed William Cobbett, who visited the Maritimes shortly after the arrival of the first exiles, “ are the horns, the head, the neck, the shins and the hoof of the ox, and the United States are the ribs, the sirloin, the kidneys, and the rest of the body.” This was not entirely true, but it was a notion which must have crossed the minds of many of the refugees themselves as, wintering in their camps, they contemplated the wilderness around them.

scholarly journals Les relations canado-américaines : Nationalisme et continentalisme

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Balthazar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Integration ◽  
British North America ◽  
History Of ◽  
Canadian Nationalism ◽  
Set Up ◽  
National Perspective

This paper's objective is to bring forth some elements which confirm the following hypothesis : Canada is consigned to continentalism, namely to economic and cultural integration with the United States though this fact is shrouded in a Canadian nationalism of sorts. The continentalist mentality is rooted in the history of British North America, inhabited mostly by refugees from America who have remained inherently "Yankees" in spite of their anti-americanism. The Confederation itself is based on a sort of complicity with the United States. More recently there were talks of a "North American nationality", and continentalism both cultural and economic has come to be seen as a 'force of nature" which the governments, at the most, put into a chanelling process. Still, it is possible for Canadian nationalism to exist provided it does not go beyond the threshold whence it would run headlong into the continental mentality. Canada has defined itself through an international or non-national perspective far too long for today's nationalism not to remain weak and poorly established. But the Americans whose "manifest destiny" has succeeded in spreading over Canada without even their having tried to hoist their flag there find it to their advantage to maintain some form of Canadian sovereignty. Canada as a "friendly nation" can be of use to Washington. That is why there are almost as many advocates for Canada's independence in the United States as there are north of the border. Canadian nationalism can thus further the interests of some Canadian elites without seriously prejudicing continental integration which can very well afford not to be set up into formalized structures.

A Migratory Cariboo Convention

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 285-300
Author(s):  
N. D. Bankes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Open Access ◽  
North America ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Operative Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Barren Ground ◽  
The Creation

Over the last decade several proposals have been made for the creation of an international wildlife range between northeast Alaska and northern Yukon Territory, and for a convention between Canada and the United States to regulate the Porcupine caribou herd. The herd, one of the largest barren ground caribou herds in North America, regularly migrates across the United States-Canadian boundary. It is harvested in both countries by Indians and Inuit. Since the vitality of the caribou herd may be affected by developments on either side of the border, such as overharvesting, construction of pipelines or highways, influx of tourists, open access hunting policies, and oil and gas drilling, the herd requires co-operative management.

The Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty of 1855 to 1866

1968 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence H. Officer ◽  
Lawrence B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
The United States ◽  
Free Access ◽  
British North America ◽  
British North American ◽  
Atlantic Coastal ◽  
St Lawrence River

The Reciprocity Treaty between the British North American Provinces (Canada) and the United States was ratified in February 1855 and terminated in March 1866. It provided for free trade in all natural products, free access for United States fisheries to the Atlantic coastal waters of British North America, and access to the St. Lawrence River for American vessels under the same tolls as native vessels.

Refugiés Or Émigrés? Early Modern French Migrations to British North America and the United States (c. 1680 – c. 1820)

Itinerario ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-32
Author(s):  
Bertrand Van Ruymbeke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Political History ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
British North America ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Gulf Of Saint Lawrence

Historians have traditionally paid relatively little attention to the French migrations to America. Although in the early modern period France was a demographic giant, had a deep – yet not enough recognized – maritime tradition, had many colonies in the Americas from the Gulf of Saint-Lawrence to the Amazon, and suffered from a tumultuous political history comparatively few of its people migrated to British North America and the United States. France has therefore and to some extent understandably enjoyed minimal visibility in the American ethnic landscape. There is, however, a long tradition of French migrations to America, beginning with the Huguenots at the end of the seventeenth century. At times these influxes were important in terms of number and influence, indeed in 1690 and in 1790 French was spoken in the streets of Charleston and of Philadelphia.

scholarly journals A molecular epidemiological analysis of the incursion of the raccoon strain of rabies virus into Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. NADIN-DAVIS ◽  
F. MULDOON ◽  
A. I. WANDELER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
P Gene ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
Index Cases

Three physically separate incursions of the raccoon strain of rabies have entered Canada, two into eastern Ontario in 1999 and one into New Brunswick in 2000. The course of these epizootics is described. Phylogenetic analysis of the index cases from these two provinces with raccoon rabies viruses representative of this strain in the United States supported the independence of these incursions into Canada via cross-border transmission from the United States. Genetic characterization of 190 isolates from these two Canadian provinces over a 550-bp region of the variable central portion of the viral P gene distinguished 14 variants in Ontario and five in New Brunswick although in both regions the variant represented by the initial case was most commonly encountered. The quasi-species nature of the Ontario virus was analysed using isolates taken at different times during the main outbreak to examine whether viral variation was increasing with time as well as changing in nature. These data provide a framework for study of future incursions of this rabies strain into Canada.

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