How Do Earthquake Ruptures Occur?

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (52) ◽  
pp. 7-13_1
Author(s):  
Teruo YAMASHITA ◽  
Minoru TAKEO
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Ruptures

scholarly journals Marmara Island earthquakes, of 1265 and 1935; Turkey

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 999-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Altınok ◽  
B. Alpar
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zones ◽  
Marmara Sea ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
The West ◽  
Moderate Size ◽  
Northwestern Turkey ◽  
Earthquake Ruptures ◽  
Fundamental Understanding

Abstract. The long-term seismicity of the Marmara Sea region in northwestern Turkey is relatively well-recorded. Some large and some of the smaller events are clearly associated with fault zones known to be seismically active, which have distinct morphological expressions and have generated damaging earthquakes before and later. Some less common and moderate size earthquakes have occurred in the vicinity of the Marmara Islands in the west Marmara Sea. This paper presents an extended summary of the most important earthquakes that have occurred in 1265 and 1935 and have since been known as the Marmara Island earthquakes. The informative data and the approaches used have therefore the potential of documenting earthquake ruptures of fault segments and may extend the records kept on earthquakes far before known history, rock falls and abnormal sea waves observed during these events, thus improving hazard evaluations and the fundamental understanding of the process of an earthquake.

scholarly journals Geomorphological reconnaissance of the Psathopyrgos and Rion-Patras Fault zones (Achaia, NW Peloponnesus).

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Palyvos ◽  
D. Pantosti ◽  
L. Stamatopoulos ◽  
P. M. De Martini
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zone ◽  
Fault Zones ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Geological Data ◽  
Slip Rates ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Fault Slip Rates ◽  
Earthquake Ruptures ◽  
Surficial Deposits

In this communication we discuss reconnaissance geomorphological observations along the active Psathopyrgos and Rion-Patras (NE part) fault zones. These fault zones correspond to more or less complex rangefronts, the geomorphic characteristics of which provide hints on the details of the fault zone geometries, adding to the existing geological data in the bibliography. Aiming at the identification of locations suitable or potentially suitable for geomorphological and geological studies for the determination of fault slip rates in the Holocene, we describe cases of faulted Holocene landforms and associated surficial deposits. We also discuss problems involved in finding locations suitable for geological (paleoseismological) studies for the determination of the timing of recent earthquake ruptures, problems due to both man-made and natural causes.

Do active faults’ clay mineral compositions affect whether earthquake ruptures they host will displace the surface?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selina S. Fenske ◽  
Virginia G. Toy ◽  
Bernhard Schuck ◽  
Anja M. Schleicher ◽  
Klaus Reicherter
Keyword(s):  
Fault Zone ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Earthquake Ruptures

<p>The tectonophysical paradigm that earthquake ruptures should not start, or easily propagate into, the shallowest few kilometers of Earth’s crust makes it difficult to understand why damaging surface displacements have occurred during historic events. The paradigm is supported by decades of analyses demonstrating that near the surface, most major fault zones are composed of clay minerals – particularly extraordinarily weak smectites – which most laboratory physical measurements suggest should prevent surface rupture if present. Recent studies of New Zealand’s Alpine Fault Zone (AFZ) demonstrate smectites are absent from some near surface fault outcrops, which may explain why this fault was able to offset the surface locally in past events. The absence of smectites in places within the AFZ can be attributed to locally exceptionally high geothermal gradients related to circulation of meteoric (surface-derived) water into the fault zone, driven by significant topographic gradients. The record of surface rupture of the AFZ is heterogeneous, and no one has yet systematically examined the distribution of segments devoid of evidence for recent displacement. There are significant implications for seismic hazard, which comprises both surface displacements and ground shaking with intensity related to the area of fault plane that ruptures (which will be reduced if ruptures do not reach the surface).  We will present results of new rigorous XRD clay mineral analyses of AFZ principal slip zone gouges that indicate where smectites are present, and consider if these display systematic relationships to surface displacement records. We also plan to apply the same methodology to the Carboneras Fault Zone in Spain, and the infrequent Holocene-active faults in Western Germany.</p>

Seismogenic width controls aspect ratios of earthquake ruptures

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 2725-2732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huihui Weng ◽  
Hongfeng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Earthquake Ruptures

scholarly journals Rapid Imaging of Earthquake Ruptures with Combined Geodetic and Seismic Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 876-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Fielding ◽  
Mark Simons ◽  
Susan Owen ◽  
Paul Lundgren ◽  
Hook Hua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Analysis ◽  
Rapid Imaging ◽  
Earthquake Ruptures

scholarly journals Wenchuan earthquake ruptures located by offset-tracking procedure of ENVISAT ASAR amplitude images

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Wenliang Jiang ◽  
Jingfa Zhang ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Lixia Gong
Keyword(s):  
Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Envisat Asar ◽  
Earthquake Ruptures ◽  
Offset Tracking
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