scholarly journals Current status of major foodborne and waterborne viral infections and their prevention strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-241
Author(s):  
Ahmet Gökhan Coşkun ◽  
Ayşegül Demircioğlu ◽  
Seran Temelli ◽  
Ayşegül Eyigör
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Antiviral Compounds ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Haccp System ◽  
Waterborne Viruses

Advances in diagnostic techniques and their widespread use for infectious agents revealed the considerably high current prevalence of viral agents in foodborne and waterborne diseases. Foodborne and waterborne viruses are indicated to cause not only gastroenteritis and hepatitis but also neurological disorders, respiratory tract diseases, myocarditis, glomerulonephritis and hemorrhagic fever, with a particularly high mortality rate in infants/children and in individuals with immune deficiency. Additionally, due to their resistance to environmental conditions and food processes compared to other microorganisms, elimination of these viruses by heat and high pressure applications, natural antiviral compounds, UV applications and conventional cleaning-disinfection remains difficult even inadequate. In protection from viral infections, vaccine applications together with GMP, GHP and HACCP system approaches in production seem to be the most effective approaches to ensure the minimization of viruses in food environment and in public. In this review article, up-to-date information is presented on the general characteristics and the diseases caused by enterotropic viruses; NoV, AstV, RoV, AdV and hepatotropic viruses; HAV and HEV, with a particularly high worldwide prevalence, as well as their epidemiology, prevention and their control measures.

Current Status of Knowledge and Awareness of Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asirvatham Alwin Robert ◽  
Ahmad Dakeel Al Awad ◽  
Mohamed Abdulaziz Al Dawish
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
The Government

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease, and the complications may be life-threatening; however, with proper treatment and control measures, it can be very well-managed. Self-management training and education of diabetes are critical in diabetes care and management. It is essential that patients with diabetes must have a comprehensive understanding of the nature of the disease, risk factors, complications, and possible treatment modalities to attenuate the complications. Over the last few years, DM in Saudi Arabia has been rapidly growing at an alarming rate. It has affected around one-fifth of the adult population, and by 2030, the numbers are predicted to rise further and exceed more than double the present number. An estimated tenfold increase has been reported over the past three decades in Saudi Arabia. However, there has not been much research focusing on understanding the knowledge and awareness of DM in Saudi Arabia as compared to developed nations. This review aims to present an overview of the current knowledge and awareness level of DM among the population of Saudi Arabia through an extensive review of the currently available literature. The review findings could be of immense assistance to the government, healthcare systems, educational institutions, and researchers to develop evidence-based programs, policies, and guidelines towards increasing the knowledge and awareness about diabetes and its management, so that early detection and management can be ensured to control the escalating burden of diabetes, in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Current Status of Zika Virus Vaccines: Successes and Challenges

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryamav Pattnaik ◽  
Bikash R. Sahoo ◽  
Asit K. Pattnaik
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Congenital Diseases ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Nucleic Acid Vaccines ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

The recently emerged Zika virus (ZIKV) spread to the Americas, causing a spectrum of congenital diseases including microcephaly in newborn and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults. The unprecedented nature of the epidemic and serious diseases associated with the viral infections prompted the global research community to understand the immunopathogenic mechanisms of the virus and rapidly develop safe and efficacious vaccines. This has led to a number of ZIKV vaccine candidates that have shown significant promise in human clinical trials. These candidates include nucleic acid vaccines, inactivated vaccines, viral-vectored vaccines, and attenuated vaccines. Additionally, a number of vaccine candidates have been shown to protect animals in preclinical studies. However, as the epidemic has waned in the last three years, further development of the most promising vaccine candidates faces challenges in clinical efficacy trials, which is needed before a vaccine is brought to licensure. It is important that a coalition of government funding agencies and private sector companies is established to move forward with a safe and effective vaccine ready for deployment when the next ZIKV epidemic occurs.

scholarly journals Leishmaniasis: Current Status of Vaccine Development

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Handman
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Dna Encoding ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY Leishmaniae are obligatory intracellular protozoa in mononuclear phagocytes. They cause a spectrum of diseases, ranging in severity from spontaneously healing skin lesions to fatal visceral disease. Worldwide, there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. To date, there are no vaccines against leishmaniasis and control measures rely on chemotherapy to alleviate disease and on vector control to reduce transmission. However, a major vaccine development program aimed initially at cutaneous leishmaniasis is under way. Studies in animal models and humans are evaluating the potential of genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, as well as a variety of recombinant antigens or the DNA encoding them. The program also focuses on new adjuvants, including cytokines, and delivery systems to target the T helper type 1 immune responses required for the elimination of this intracellular organism. The availability, in the near future, of the DNA sequences of the human and Leishmania genomes will extend the vaccine program. New vaccine candidates such as parasite virulence factors will be identified. Host susceptibility genes will be mapped to allow the vaccine to be targeted to the population most in need of protection.

scholarly journals Optical Detection and Eradication of Dysplastic Barrett's Esophagus

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-Michel Wong Kee Song ◽  
Kenneth K. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Barrett’S Esophagus ◽  
Barrett's Esophagus ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Endoscopic Surveillance ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Multiple Biopsies

Dysplastic Barrett's esophagus is a condition that offers multiple diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The diagnosis of dysplasia within Barrett's esophagus currently relies on periodic endoscopic surveillance with multiple biopsies, a methodology limited by random sampling error, inconsistent histopathologic interpretation and delay in diagnosis. Optical spectroscopic and imaging techniques have the potential to identify dysplastic or early neoplastic lesions in real-time. These diagnostic modalities are needed to enhance the endoscopic surveillance of Barrett's esophagus in the future as well as help to define lesions for endoscopic therapy. Esophagectomy has been the standard of care for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia although it is a procedure associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Minimally invasive endoscopic ablative therapies are attractive and less morbid alternatives to esophagectomy, with promising results obtained from the use of light-activated drugs (i.e., photodynamic therapy). The combination of novel optical diagnostic techniques and therapies will provide the endoscopist with much needed tools that can considerably enhance the management of patients with Barrett's esophagus. This article reviews the current status and future prospects of optical-based modalities for diagnosis and therapy of dysplastic Barrett's esophagus.

scholarly journals Food Safety Management in Ukraine in the Context of the International Standard ISO 22000:2005

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S9) ◽  
pp. 187-190
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Haccp System ◽  
Food Safety Standards

The article examines the features of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system as a factor in food safety. The principles of HACCP, formulated in the ISO 22000: 2005 standard, in the Alimentations Commission Codex are compared, as well as in accordance with the Ukrainian regulatory document "Requirements for the development of food safety standards", approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine on October 1, 2012 No. 590. The comparison is carried out in order to establish the compliance of the Ukrainian HACCP system with the international rules, in particular the ISO 22000: 2005 standard. Shown, that the principles of the Ukrainian HACCP system generally comply with international standards, in particular ISO 22000: 2005. This means that the legislation of Ukraine guarantees that, in compliance with it, food products originating from Ukraine comply with international requirements for the control of its manufacture. The guarantee of this is the system of control measures that are provided for by the laws of Ukraine regarding compliance with the requirements of the HACCP system.

scholarly journals MAIN TRENDS OF MONITORING OF VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS ACTIVITY IN THE NATURAL FOCI

2018 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Галина Компанец ◽  
Galina Kompanets
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fevers ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Severe Fever

This paper includes review of innovative methods of monitoring of activity of natural foci of epidemically important for Russian Federation such viral infections as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and the analysis of probability to control such «exotic» infections, as Denge fever and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS).

scholarly journals Co-circulation of Chikungunya and Dengue viruses in Dengue endemic region of New Delhi, India during 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (13) ◽  
pp. 1642-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hisamuddin ◽  
A. Tazeen ◽  
M. Abdullah ◽  
M. Islamuddin ◽  
N. Parveen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Genotype Iii ◽  
Two Samples

AbstractCo-circulation of Chikungunya and Dengue viral infections (CHIKV and DENV) have been reported mainly due to transmission by commonAedesvector. The purpose of the study was to identify and characterise the circulating strains of CHIKV and DENV in DENV endemic region of New Delhi during 2016. CHIKV and DENV were identified in the blood samples (n= 130) collected from suspected patients by RT-PCR. CHIKV was identified in 26 of 65 samples (40%). Similarly, DENV was detected in 48 of 120 samples (40%). Co-infection with both the viruses was identified in five (9%) of the samples. Interestingly, concurrent infection with DENV, CHIKV andPlasmodium vivaxwas detected in two samples. CHIKV strains (n= 11) belonged to the ECSA genotype whereas DENV-3 sequences (n= eight) clustered in Genotype III by phylogenetic analysis. Selection pressure of E1 protein of CHIKV and CprM protein of DENV-3 revealed purifying selection with four and two positive sites, respectively. Four amino acids of the CHIKV were positively selected and had high entropy suggesting probable variations. Co-circulation of both viruses in DENV endemic regions warrants effective monitoring of these emerging pathogens via comprehensive surveillance for implementation of effective control measures.

Vector-borne diseases in Iran: epidemiology and key challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69
Author(s):  
Najmeh Parhizgari ◽  
Norair Piazak ◽  
Ehsan Mostafavi
Keyword(s):  
Q Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Dispersion Patterns ◽  
Monitoring And Surveillance ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Review Study

Vector-borne diseases have become a global health concern in recent decades as a result of global warming, globalization, growth in international trade and travel, use of insecticide and drug resistance. This review study addressed the key vector-borne diseases and their current status in Iran to emphasize the requirements for further research on vector-borne diseases. The dispersion patterns of these diseases differ in various regions. Some of them such as Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Q fever are distributed all across Iran, whereas some others such as plague, leishmaniasis, tularemia, and malaria are restricted to specific areas. The high prevalence of vectors throughout the country necessitates enhancing the monitoring and surveillance of emerging and reemerging vector-borne diseases and their potential vectors.

scholarly journals Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid Resistance in Chrysanthemum

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Nabeshima ◽  
Yosuke Matsushita ◽  
Munetaka Hosokawa
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid ◽  
Stunt Viroid ◽  
Stable Production

Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) is one of the most severe threats in Chrysanthemum morifolium production. Over the last decade, several studies have reported the natural occurrence of CSVd resistance in chrysanthemum germplasms. Such CSVd-resistant germplasms are desirable for the stable production of chrysanthemum plants. Current surveys include finding new resistant chrysanthemum cultivars, breeding, and revealing resistant mechanisms. We review the progress, from discovery to current status, of CSVd-resistance studies, while introducing information on the improvement of associated inoculation and diagnostic techniques.

scholarly journals Emerging Natural Focal Infectious Diseases in Russia: A Medical–Geographical Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8005
Author(s):  
Svetlana Malkhazova ◽  
Polina Pestina ◽  
Anna Prasolova ◽  
Dmitry Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Spotted Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Current Status ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
The North

In Russia, as in other countries, the problem of emerging natural focal infectious diseases (EIDs) became more acute toward the end of the 20th century. However, the situation in Russia is unknown to foreign readers, while the prevention and control of these diseases require international collaboration. The aim of the study is to provide a medical–geographical assessment of the distribution of the main natural focal EIDs in Russia, as well as to present the approaches used in the country to create aggregate maps of risk assessment. To consider its current status, we determined the most important natural focal EIDs for Russia (tick-borne encephalitis, ixodid tick-borne borrelioses, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever, West Nile fever, Astrakhan spotted fever, leptospiroses, and tularemia) and analyzed the patterns of their epidemic manifestation. As a result, a working classification of such infections and a series of maps showing the current situation of EID morbidity in Russia were created. To design an aggregated risk map, we developed an original mapping methodology and recalculated the model disease incidence by taking data from administrative units and adjusting them for natural geographical boundaries (biomes) for European Russia, and then evaluated the risk of infection for separate model diseases and for a set of them. The highest risk rates are confined to the northwest regions of European Russia, the Cis-Urals and the Volga region, which are naturally related to forest biomes, as well as to the southern steppe regions of the interfluves between the Volga and the Don, and the foothills of the North Caucasus.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document